{"id":"https://openalex.org/W99597828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193477400500101","title":"Racism: A Philosophical Analysis of a Concept","display_name":"Racism: A Philosophical Analysis of a Concept","publication_year":1974,"publication_date":"1974-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W99597828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193477400500101","mag":"99597828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002193477400500101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193477400500101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193477400500101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110151151","display_name":"Journal of Black Studies","issn_l":"0021-9347","issn":["0021-9347","1552-4566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Black Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009464107","display_name":"William H. Bruening","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William H. Bruening","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy Purdue University","Department of Philosophy, Purdue University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009464107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01341999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.32499998807907104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.32499998807907104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12133","display_name":"Pragmatism in Philosophy and Education","score":0.22470000386238098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.07280000299215317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism","display_name":"racism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prejudice","display_name":"prejudice","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-dewey","display_name":"John Dewey","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-inquiry","display_name":"theory of inquiry","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allport","display_name":"Allport","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antipathy","display_name":"antipathy","score":0.8389999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.7717820405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4923461675643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.39436858892440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3850982189178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3814731538295746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3397221565246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.26954805850982666}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002193477400500101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193477400500101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193477400500101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110151151","display_name":"Journal of Black Studies","issn_l":"0021-9347","issn":["0021-9347","1552-4566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Black Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.ipfw.edu:philos_facpubs-1029","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://opus.ipfw.edu/philos_facpubs/30","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400213","display_name":"Opus: Research & Creativity (Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Fort Wayne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162817326","host_organization_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Fort Wayne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162817326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Philosophy Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6000000238418579},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4099999964237213}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W651057561","https://openalex.org/W1523835028","https://openalex.org/W1552689102","https://openalex.org/W1565779252","https://openalex.org/W1591967606","https://openalex.org/W1608600376","https://openalex.org/W1983420751","https://openalex.org/W1987002300","https://openalex.org/W2000484131","https://openalex.org/W2004481065","https://openalex.org/W2034328075","https://openalex.org/W2062320451","https://openalex.org/W4299340122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2105605948","https://openalex.org/W3010601015","https://openalex.org/W2734575630","https://openalex.org/W1998484348","https://openalex.org/W572239203","https://openalex.org/W4361975234","https://openalex.org/W4236527700","https://openalex.org/W4291155953","https://openalex.org/W3104372763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"John":[0],"Dewey":[1],"is":[2,29,80],"well":[3],"known":[4],"for":[5],"his":[6,149],"theory":[7],"of":[8,41,59,64,70,110,123,137,146,153],"inquiry,":[9],"which":[10],"we":[11],"might":[12],"summarize":[13],"in":[14,93,148],"the":[15,20,25,35,42,48,62,111,116,121,124,135,138,165,177],"following":[16],"five":[17],"steps:":[18],"(1)":[19],"felt":[21],"difficulty":[22,28,79],"appears;":[23],"(2)":[24],"problem":[26,36,77],"or":[27,78,107],"articulated":[30,81],"clearly;":[31],"(3)":[32],"solutions":[33,44,50],"to":[34,61,86,100,115],"are":[37,45,51,91],"suggested;":[38],"(4)":[39],"consequences":[40],"proposed":[43,125],"investigated;":[46],"(5)":[47],"probable":[49],"tested":[52],"(Dewey,":[53],"1938).":[54],"In":[55],"applying":[56],"this":[57,65,102],"conception":[58],"inquiry":[60],"topic":[63],"paper,":[66],"only":[67],"one":[68],"aspect":[69],"Dewey's":[71],"five-step":[72],"methodology":[73],"can":[74,127],"be":[75,128],"discussed-the":[76],"clearly.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84,117,131,166],"proposes":[85],"delineate":[87],"several":[88],"factors":[89],"that":[90,120],"involved":[92],"racism,":[94],"but":[95],"it":[96],"does":[97,118,132],"not":[98,133],"propose":[99],"follow":[101],"articulation":[103],"with":[104,141],"a":[105,108,160],"solution,":[106],"testing":[109],"solution.":[112],"The":[113,130,151,173],"epilogue":[114],"suggest":[119],"geography":[122],"solution(s)":[126],"sketched.":[129],"give":[134],"topography":[136],"map.":[139],"Starting":[140],"Allport's":[142],"(1958:":[143],"10)":[144],"definition":[145],"prejudice":[147],"classic":[150],"Nature":[152],"Prejudice":[154],"as":[155],"an":[156],"antipathy":[157],"based":[158],"on":[159],"faulty":[161],"and":[162],"inflexible":[163],"generalization,":[164],"divides":[167],"itself":[168],"into":[169],"four":[170],"distinct":[171],"parts.":[172],"first":[174],"part":[175],"concerns":[176],"logic":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}