{"id":"https://openalex.org/W99411212","doi":null,"title":"Industrial Specialization: Determinants, Processes and Consequences","display_name":"Industrial Specialization: Determinants, Processes and Consequences","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W99411212","mag":"99411212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/284251","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/284251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/284251","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101574110","display_name":"Lu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-2595","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-2595","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3556-3847"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-2595","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101574110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.8574000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.8574000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.11829999834299088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-specialization","display_name":"industrial specialization","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-openness","display_name":"trade openness","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-openness","display_name":"financial openness","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-life-cycle-theory","display_name":"product life cycle theory","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-similarity","display_name":"structural similarity","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversification-motives","display_name":"diversification motives","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-sharing","display_name":"risk sharing","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-markets","display_name":"emerging markets","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-structure","display_name":"industrial structure","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-trade-flows","display_name":"bilateral trade flows","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.9123110771179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.8602756261825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5887348651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5516543984413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.48740532994270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.46525436639785767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76474335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215551","display_name":"Comparative advantage","level":2,"score":0.4590728282928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.44770127534866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.39132577180862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3593830466270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3383142650127411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.33475953340530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.07830223441123962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07738101482391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.07073205709457397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/284251","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/284251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/284251","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/284251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"},{"id":"mag:99411212","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/284251/zhang.pdf?sequence=2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/284251","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/284251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9211000204086304,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":193,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W260960","https://openalex.org/W39035571","https://openalex.org/W1480899479","https://openalex.org/W1495445873","https://openalex.org/W1495507237","https://openalex.org/W1497448176","https://openalex.org/W1501263562","https://openalex.org/W1506779331","https://openalex.org/W1509707534","https://openalex.org/W1517119764","https://openalex.org/W1520082828","https://openalex.org/W1527363728","https://openalex.org/W1528173526","https://openalex.org/W1552293998","https://openalex.org/W1553134472","https://openalex.org/W1556998937","https://openalex.org/W1558571437","https://openalex.org/W1567440201","https://openalex.org/W1572543860","https://openalex.org/W1580230162","https://openalex.org/W1606377008","https://openalex.org/W1899453694","https://openalex.org/W1928113007","https://openalex.org/W1929861655","https://openalex.org/W1965688070","https://openalex.org/W1966402429","https://openalex.org/W1967014080","https://openalex.org/W1967640248","https://openalex.org/W1967948572","https://openalex.org/W1968211748","https://openalex.org/W1968268538","https://openalex.org/W1970181403","https://openalex.org/W1973227945","https://openalex.org/W1973813563","https://openalex.org/W1979132028","https://openalex.org/W1981549413","https://openalex.org/W1981556394","https://openalex.org/W1983961430","https://openalex.org/W1984337073","https://openalex.org/W1985289044","https://openalex.org/W1989864366","https://openalex.org/W1989930905","https://openalex.org/W1990268528","https://openalex.org/W1990919249","https://openalex.org/W1992109042","https://openalex.org/W1994257501","https://openalex.org/W1994775904","https://openalex.org/W1997049082","https://openalex.org/W1997529623","https://openalex.org/W1999331720","https://openalex.org/W2002725140","https://openalex.org/W2005903872","https://openalex.org/W2007631814","https://openalex.org/W2008134822","https://openalex.org/W2009090658","https://openalex.org/W2011474190","https://openalex.org/W2011612170","https://openalex.org/W2012774161","https://openalex.org/W2014617292","https://openalex.org/W2017239593","https://openalex.org/W2018160599","https://openalex.org/W2021449848","https://openalex.org/W2022941060","https://openalex.org/W2032883857","https://openalex.org/W2032911731","https://openalex.org/W2033834012","https://openalex.org/W2036847353","https://openalex.org/W2038747636","https://openalex.org/W2042177683","https://openalex.org/W2042191340","https://openalex.org/W2045817470","https://openalex.org/W2050748188","https://openalex.org/W2050966072","https://openalex.org/W2051765232","https://openalex.org/W2058052750","https://openalex.org/W2060011457","https://openalex.org/W2063321072","https://openalex.org/W2064927380","https://openalex.org/W2069109371","https://openalex.org/W2071249181","https://openalex.org/W2071363915","https://openalex.org/W2072633880","https://openalex.org/W2076801750","https://openalex.org/W2079625761","https://openalex.org/W2080577950","https://openalex.org/W2082626636","https://openalex.org/W2086173598","https://openalex.org/W2086291700","https://openalex.org/W2088932467","https://openalex.org/W2090248028","https://openalex.org/W2091466099","https://openalex.org/W2096479231","https://openalex.org/W2096725814","https://openalex.org/W2097425676","https://openalex.org/W2099167504","https://openalex.org/W2099304543","https://openalex.org/W2104024379","https://openalex.org/W2104304213","https://openalex.org/W2106373848","https://openalex.org/W2110320740","https://openalex.org/W2115113024","https://openalex.org/W2116148937","https://openalex.org/W2116184502","https://openalex.org/W2119246169","https://openalex.org/W2119291693","https://openalex.org/W2122120003","https://openalex.org/W2122276615","https://openalex.org/W2124318041","https://openalex.org/W2126230473","https://openalex.org/W2128300154","https://openalex.org/W2129539032","https://openalex.org/W2130067975","https://openalex.org/W2132696046","https://openalex.org/W2136072582","https://openalex.org/W2137133854","https://openalex.org/W2139804915","https://openalex.org/W2140235087","https://openalex.org/W2143133200","https://openalex.org/W2146328600","https://openalex.org/W2146834010","https://openalex.org/W2147538460","https://openalex.org/W2147651195","https://openalex.org/W2149087447","https://openalex.org/W2149965952","https://openalex.org/W2159143418","https://openalex.org/W2159730295","https://openalex.org/W2160978209","https://openalex.org/W2163655194","https://openalex.org/W2166177063","https://openalex.org/W2167516731","https://openalex.org/W2170007391","https://openalex.org/W2170540841","https://openalex.org/W2171004283","https://openalex.org/W2316512862","https://openalex.org/W2317739826","https://openalex.org/W2490368436","https://openalex.org/W2588728401","https://openalex.org/W2751613760","https://openalex.org/W2767682255","https://openalex.org/W2777225720","https://openalex.org/W2790332046","https://openalex.org/W2798877118","https://openalex.org/W2889547665","https://openalex.org/W2889893474","https://openalex.org/W2891485059","https://openalex.org/W2892194323","https://openalex.org/W2892341412","https://openalex.org/W3021643362","https://openalex.org/W3023543722","https://openalex.org/W3023816822","https://openalex.org/W3023875755","https://openalex.org/W3024596104","https://openalex.org/W3106847743","https://openalex.org/W3121183069","https://openalex.org/W3121239921","https://openalex.org/W3121378659","https://openalex.org/W3121675937","https://openalex.org/W3121715567","https://openalex.org/W3121778349","https://openalex.org/W3121794982","https://openalex.org/W3122045387","https://openalex.org/W3122226199","https://openalex.org/W3122380305","https://openalex.org/W3122573682","https://openalex.org/W3122624597","https://openalex.org/W3122705141","https://openalex.org/W3122759204","https://openalex.org/W3122812532","https://openalex.org/W3122886729","https://openalex.org/W3123091285","https://openalex.org/W3123099241","https://openalex.org/W3123390760","https://openalex.org/W3123534221","https://openalex.org/W3123721505","https://openalex.org/W3123806267","https://openalex.org/W3123874341","https://openalex.org/W3123965305","https://openalex.org/W3123981346","https://openalex.org/W3124147493","https://openalex.org/W3124238505","https://openalex.org/W3124300870","https://openalex.org/W3124528848","https://openalex.org/W3124542101","https://openalex.org/W3124560121","https://openalex.org/W3124744803","https://openalex.org/W3124873083","https://openalex.org/W3124949184","https://openalex.org/W3125146190","https://openalex.org/W3125171802","https://openalex.org/W3125483003","https://openalex.org/W3126089805","https://openalex.org/W3126112826","https://openalex.org/W3142915925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2921432405","https://openalex.org/W7099731373","https://openalex.org/W7095528049","https://openalex.org/W2884393555","https://openalex.org/W3124419560","https://openalex.org/W2975992480","https://openalex.org/W2169758285","https://openalex.org/W7110818922","https://openalex.org/W2900257310","https://openalex.org/W2103901132"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,204],"thesis":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,52,73,109,120,147,183,192,206,215,233,252,274,283,289,293,309,333,356,364,374,384,396,401],"causes,":[4],"processes":[5,255],"and":[6,22,40,66,77,81,97,150,160,196,248,254,261,323,427],"consequences":[7,54],"of":[8,14,55,75,111,122,182,217,256,276,295,306,332,341,359,366,376,403],"industrial":[9,26,36,89,105,257,407,442],"specialization.":[10,90,106,135,178],"Specifically,":[11],"three":[12,304],"sets":[13],"questions":[15],"are":[16,51,129,145,186,327,354],"addressed.":[17],"First,":[18],"how":[19,31,41,59,151],"do":[20,42],"trade":[21,33,76,96,112,172],"financial":[23,78,98,123,387],"openness":[24,34,99,114,173,388],"affect":[25,35],"specialization":[27,61,116,390],"across":[28,38,303],"countries?":[29],"Second,":[30],"does":[32,60,448],"composition":[37],"industries":[39,144,163],"firm-level":[43,152],"dynamics":[44,153],"play":[45,154,452],"an":[46,329],"important":[47],"role?":[48],"Third,":[49],"what":[50],"macroeconomic":[53,265],"specialization?":[56],"In":[57,107,230,308,337,468],"particular,":[58],"matter":[62],"for":[63,170,236,273,463],"economic":[64],"growth":[65,299,370],"cross-border":[67,410],"portfolio":[68,411,429,437],"investments?":[69],"Chapter":[70,136,267],"2":[71,247,381],"investigates":[72,395],"roles":[74],"openness,":[79,125],"separately":[80],"in":[82,87,131,168,194,208,220,328,355,373,406,413,475],"conjunction":[83],"with":[84,104,440],"each":[85],"other":[86,218,469],"affecting":[88],"The":[91,179,417,444],"results":[92,290,418],"show":[93,291],"that":[94,127,162,292,326,353,386,432,458],"both":[95],"have":[100,460],"a":[101,139,155,242,271,277,339,414,420,453,461],"positive":[102],"relationship":[103,423],"addition,":[108],"effect":[110,294,365],"(financial)":[113],"on":[115,134,251,282,298,369,409],"is":[117,223,241,300],"enhanced":[118],"by":[119,348,399],"level":[121],"(trade)":[124],"suggesting":[126],"they":[128,210,320,471],"complementary":[130],"their":[132,360,435],"effects":[133,402],"3":[137,249],"takes":[138],"closer":[140],"look":[141],"at":[142,214],"which":[143,209,221],"driving":[146],"trade-specialization":[148,184,243],"nexus,":[149],"critical":[156],"role.":[157,454],"I":[158],"argue":[159],"find":[161],"need":[164],"'room":[165],"to":[166,174,212,226,315,345,451,473],"move'":[167],"order":[169,231],"increasing":[171],"translate":[175],"into":[176],"increased":[177],"true":[180],"drivers":[181],"nexus":[185],"productive":[187,202],"firms,":[188],"who":[189],"benefit":[190],"from":[191,200],"increase":[193],"trade-openness":[195],"can":[197],"appropriate":[198],"resources":[199],"less":[201],"firms.":[203],"causes":[205],"industry":[207],"operate":[211],"expand,":[213],"expense":[216],"industries,":[219],"there":[222,240],"no":[224],"room":[225],"make":[227],"such":[228],"moves.":[229],"words,":[232,470],"intra-industry":[234],"potential":[235],"reallocation":[237],"determines":[238],"whether":[239],"nexus.":[244],"While":[245,379],"chapters":[246,259],"focus":[250],"determinants":[253],"specialization,":[258],"4":[260,268],"5":[262,394],"examine":[263],"its":[264],"consequences.":[266],"first":[269],"develops":[270],"proxy":[272],"maturity":[275,297,368],"country's":[278],"export":[279,296,321,367],"bundle":[280],"based":[281],"product":[284,334],"life":[285,335,361],"cycle":[286],"theory.":[287],"Then,":[288],"very":[301],"different":[302],"clusters":[305],"countries.":[307,378],"most":[310],"developed":[311],"cluster,":[312],"countries":[313,343,439],"tend":[314],"grow":[316,346],"more":[317,350],"rapidly":[318],"when":[319,465],"new":[322],"innovative":[324],"products":[325,352],"early":[330],"stage":[331],"cycle.":[336,362],"contrast,":[338],"cluster":[340,375],"emerging":[342],"appears":[344],"faster":[347],"exporting":[349],"mature":[351],"later":[357],"stages":[358],"Finally,":[363],"seems":[371],"insignificant":[372],"developing":[377],"chapter":[380,393],"has":[382],"established":[383],"finding":[385],"promotes":[389],"through":[391],"risk-sharing,":[392],"reverse":[397],"linkage":[398],"examining":[400],"ongoing":[404],"changes":[405],"structure":[408,425],"investments":[412],"bilateral":[415,428],"setting.":[416],"reveal":[419],"strong":[421],"negative":[422],"between":[424],"dissimilarity":[426],"investments,":[430],"indicating":[431],"investors":[433,459],"tilt":[434],"foreign":[436],"towards":[438],"similar":[441,476],"structures.":[443],"diversification":[445],"motive":[446],"therefore":[447],"not":[449],"seem":[450],"These":[455],"finds":[456],"suggest":[457],"preference":[462],"familiarity":[464],"investing":[466],"abroad.":[467],"prefer":[472],"invest":[474],"countri":[477]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
