{"id":"https://openalex.org/W97547660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401","title":"Therapeutic Use, Abuse, and Nonmedical Use of Opioids: A Ten-Year Perspective","display_name":"Therapeutic Use, Abuse, and Nonmedical Use of Opioids: A Ten-Year Perspective","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W97547660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401","mag":"97547660","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20859312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193700400","display_name":"Pain Physician","issn_l":"1533-3159","issn":["1533-3159","2150-1149"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316371","host_organization_name":"American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316371"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pain Physician","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W97547660"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037291100","display_name":"Laxmaiah Manchikanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-9063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-9063"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119404","display_name":"Pain Management Center of Paducah","ror":"https://ror.org/02swzn148","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119404"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laxmaiah Manchikanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah, KY, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah, KY, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786","https://openalex.org/I4210119404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058550896","display_name":"Bert Fellows","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bert Fellows","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161569405","display_name":"Hary Ailinani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hary Ailinani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161713586","display_name":"Vidyasagar Pampati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vidyasagar Pampati","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037291100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786","https://openalex.org/I4210119404"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":50.4678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":539,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99947117,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5;13","issue":"5;9","first_page":"401","last_page":"435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-abuse","display_name":"opioid abuse","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonmedical-opioid-use","display_name":"nonmedical opioid use","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-non-cancer-pain","display_name":"chronic non-cancer pain","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prescription-opioid-misuse","display_name":"prescription opioid misuse","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule-ii-opioids","display_name":"Schedule II opioids","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-related-deaths","display_name":"opioid-related deaths","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-side-effects","display_name":"opioid side effects","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrocodone","display_name":"hydrocodone","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxycodone","display_name":"oxycodone","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methadone","display_name":"methadone","score":0.6859999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8842157125473022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779158186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303646","display_name":"Hydromorphone","level":4,"score":0.8064979314804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407535","display_name":"Oxycodone","level":4,"score":0.8020813465118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776389719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411441","display_name":"Hydrocodone","level":5,"score":0.7061160206794739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088113","display_name":"Chronic pain","level":2,"score":0.5999796390533447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.5490260720252991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778904085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3712728","display_name":"Cancer pain","level":3,"score":0.547653317451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777866328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174723","display_name":"Codeine","level":3,"score":0.4757899045944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779418921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639178","display_name":"Opioid use disorder","level":4,"score":0.4604639708995819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.44366514682769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991975920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621261","display_name":"Pain medicine","level":3,"score":0.4187001585960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3559366762638092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.33312898874282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.3229990005493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777389121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81225","display_name":"Morphine","level":2,"score":0.3067811131477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.175165593624115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12172502279281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779526319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q615057","display_name":"Anesthesiology","level":2,"score":0.08192938566207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000701","descriptor_name":"Analgesics, Opioid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011307","descriptor_name":"Drug Prescriptions","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193700400","display_name":"Pain Physician","issn_l":"1533-3159","issn":["1533-3159","2150-1149"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316371","host_organization_name":"American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316371"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pain Physician","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20859312","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20859312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pain physician","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9922999739646912}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":231,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7818049","https://openalex.org/W7838549","https://openalex.org/W28276597","https://openalex.org/W30580204","https://openalex.org/W60206060","https://openalex.org/W66434762","https://openalex.org/W67220348","https://openalex.org/W70327921","https://openalex.org/W74435804","https://openalex.org/W79385364","https://openalex.org/W85787240","https://openalex.org/W88899760","https://openalex.org/W93832398","https://openalex.org/W98768606","https://openalex.org/W103761735","https://openalex.org/W104580416","https://openalex.org/W107835582","https://openalex.org/W129651723","https://openalex.org/W132606260","https://openalex.org/W136077900","https://openalex.org/W142954314","https://openalex.org/W149362916","https://openalex.org/W149541698","https://openalex.org/W157777597","https://openalex.org/W160057605","https://openalex.org/W160124008","https://openalex.org/W160294806","https://openalex.org/W167997320","https://openalex.org/W171278648","https://openalex.org/W181114974","https://openalex.org/W195976978","https://openalex.org/W349678223","https://openalex.org/W794760020","https://openalex.org/W955105219","https://openalex.org/W1511437285","https://openalex.org/W1512372867","https://openalex.org/W1513699305","https://openalex.org/W1519226343","https://openalex.org/W1520299800","https://openalex.org/W1539552662","https://openalex.org/W1562215263","https://openalex.org/W1566091095","https://openalex.org/W1680603872","https://openalex.org/W1776694187","https://openalex.org/W1806803271","https://openalex.org/W1834989154","https://openalex.org/W1846021156","https://openalex.org/W1868427328","https://openalex.org/W1895694701","https://openalex.org/W1909175357","https://openalex.org/W1912774657","https://openalex.org/W1958832131","https://openalex.org/W1963948425","https://openalex.org/W1967329208","https://openalex.org/W1968105689","https://openalex.org/W1969240609","https://openalex.org/W1969579264","https://openalex.org/W1969626460","https://openalex.org/W1970391210","https://openalex.org/W1971232664","https://openalex.org/W1971364989","https://openalex.org/W1972766175","https://openalex.org/W1973091287","https://openalex.org/W1977695277","https://openalex.org/W1979596804","https://openalex.org/W1980507990","https://openalex.org/W1980787790","https://openalex.org/W1981901554","https://openalex.org/W1983781886","https://openalex.org/W1986071006","https://openalex.org/W1990359304","https://openalex.org/W1991388201","https://openalex.org/W1991492408","https://openalex.org/W1995954516","https://openalex.org/W1997096794","https://openalex.org/W1999196821","https://openalex.org/W1999600197","https://openalex.org/W2000328742","https://openalex.org/W2002839844","https://openalex.org/W2005703418","https://openalex.org/W2009074065","https://openalex.org/W2009806341","https://openalex.org/W2009882000","https://openalex.org/W2010125810","https://openalex.org/W2017613227","https://openalex.org/W2018222489","https://openalex.org/W2018660267","https://openalex.org/W2019229473","https://openalex.org/W2022024974","https://openalex.org/W2022654991","https://openalex.org/W2028449708","https://openalex.org/W2030283753","https://openalex.org/W2030603930","https://openalex.org/W2031282647","https://openalex.org/W2031690827","https://openalex.org/W2031980597","https://openalex.org/W2032424271","https://openalex.org/W2033537165","https://openalex.org/W2033757064","https://openalex.org/W2038083718","https://openalex.org/W2038172375","https://openalex.org/W2039559861","https://openalex.org/W2045110369","https://openalex.org/W2045284302","https://openalex.org/W2045394033","https://openalex.org/W2046210210","https://openalex.org/W2048292736","https://openalex.org/W2050604065","https://openalex.org/W2050931359","https://openalex.org/W2051720694","https://openalex.org/W2052104700","https://openalex.org/W2052975165","https://openalex.org/W2054317009","https://openalex.org/W2055376632","https://openalex.org/W2056287708","https://openalex.org/W2056370494","https://openalex.org/W2056992067","https://openalex.org/W2059180164","https://openalex.org/W2060750654","https://openalex.org/W2061427388","https://openalex.org/W2064016936","https://openalex.org/W2064315361","https://openalex.org/W2067891232","https://openalex.org/W2069291623","https://openalex.org/W2069575357","https://openalex.org/W2072149549","https://openalex.org/W2073975041","https://openalex.org/W2076688289","https://openalex.org/W2076804656","https://openalex.org/W2078481348","https://openalex.org/W2079126110","https://openalex.org/W2081485288","https://openalex.org/W2082188637","https://openalex.org/W2089617374","https://openalex.org/W2089802842","https://openalex.org/W2090535788","https://openalex.org/W2093112693","https://openalex.org/W2093582145","https://openalex.org/W2093728746","https://openalex.org/W2094771070","https://openalex.org/W2103637716","https://openalex.org/W2104258796","https://openalex.org/W2109544727","https://openalex.org/W2110243105","https://openalex.org/W2112157093","https://openalex.org/W2113431190","https://openalex.org/W2115702982","https://openalex.org/W2116887820","https://openalex.org/W2117092285","https://openalex.org/W2119544423","https://openalex.org/W2122448219","https://openalex.org/W2123280399","https://openalex.org/W2125637902","https://openalex.org/W2127763205","https://openalex.org/W2131785364","https://openalex.org/W2132070765","https://openalex.org/W2135470636","https://openalex.org/W2137171392","https://openalex.org/W2138898629","https://openalex.org/W2139132045","https://openalex.org/W2141988160","https://openalex.org/W2143221646","https://openalex.org/W2144042926","https://openalex.org/W2148461943","https://openalex.org/W2148606098","https://openalex.org/W2150924149","https://openalex.org/W2152740846","https://openalex.org/W2153521731","https://openalex.org/W2154276505","https://openalex.org/W2154802882","https://openalex.org/W2155151442","https://openalex.org/W2158099338","https://openalex.org/W2160172135","https://openalex.org/W2161711733","https://openalex.org/W2161731359","https://openalex.org/W2161824335","https://openalex.org/W2163398769","https://openalex.org/W2164245494","https://openalex.org/W2164969317","https://openalex.org/W2165014123","https://openalex.org/W2165611948","https://openalex.org/W2165740162","https://openalex.org/W2166681771","https://openalex.org/W2167613032","https://openalex.org/W2170269536","https://openalex.org/W2171114512","https://openalex.org/W2176833613","https://openalex.org/W2182207577","https://openalex.org/W2237157812","https://openalex.org/W2241112928","https://openalex.org/W2260313566","https://openalex.org/W2264612712","https://openalex.org/W2276297386","https://openalex.org/W2292038115","https://openalex.org/W2294151640","https://openalex.org/W2304979503","https://openalex.org/W2320276181","https://openalex.org/W2396045664","https://openalex.org/W2397323692","https://openalex.org/W2404765000","https://openalex.org/W2406231028","https://openalex.org/W2409424146","https://openalex.org/W2410477646","https://openalex.org/W2413571799","https://openalex.org/W2415641089","https://openalex.org/W2416713878","https://openalex.org/W2417112338","https://openalex.org/W2417494190","https://openalex.org/W2418843648","https://openalex.org/W2441192087","https://openalex.org/W2994034750","https://openalex.org/W3135999253","https://openalex.org/W3136373625","https://openalex.org/W3137001562","https://openalex.org/W3137157144","https://openalex.org/W3137223091","https://openalex.org/W3137367981","https://openalex.org/W3137646971","https://openalex.org/W3137662658","https://openalex.org/W3137938605","https://openalex.org/W3138020227","https://openalex.org/W3138206232","https://openalex.org/W3138405646","https://openalex.org/W3138446191","https://openalex.org/W3138468342","https://openalex.org/W3138915513","https://openalex.org/W3139104822","https://openalex.org/W3139342350","https://openalex.org/W3139537218","https://openalex.org/W4297852787","https://openalex.org/W4327847546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2486820097","https://openalex.org/W100098653","https://openalex.org/W93832398","https://openalex.org/W7098720718","https://openalex.org/W2624483729","https://openalex.org/W7095224912","https://openalex.org/W3134249031","https://openalex.org/W2057425983","https://openalex.org/W2024150610","https://openalex.org/W1999679610"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"treatment":[1,35],"of":[2,14,20,28,36,52,64,78,95,110,155,163,170,179,186,207,224,252,272,292,315],"chronic":[3,37,113],"pain,":[4],"therapeutic":[5,96,290,309],"opioid":[6,31,166,189,295],"use":[7,13,92,291,314],"and":[8,10,23,48,73,93,129,132,142,145,168,200,294,312,317],"abuse,":[9,275,311],"the":[11,26,34,45,50,59,74,90,104,108,138,146,156,164,171,180],"nonmedical":[12],"prescription":[15,280,287],"drugs":[16],"have":[17,86,159,202,256,297],"been":[18,160,298],"topics":[19],"intense":[21],"focus":[22],"debate.":[24],"After":[25],"liberalization":[27],"laws":[29],"governing":[30],"prescribing":[32],"for":[33,107,112,140,231,234,237,240,244,248,279],"non-cancer":[38,114],"pain":[39,54,115],"by":[40,58],"state":[41],"medical":[42],"boards":[43],"in":[44,68,71,84,148,211,217,261,266],"late":[46],"1990s,":[47],"with":[49,226],"introduction":[51],"new":[53],"management":[55],"standards":[56],"implemented":[57],"Joint":[60],"Commission":[61],"on":[62,308],"Accreditation":[63],"Healthcare":[65],"Organizations":[66],"(JCAHO)":[67],"2000,":[69],"opioids,":[70,97,293],"general,":[72],"most":[75],"potent":[76],"forms":[77],"opioids":[79,111,253,316],"including":[80],"Schedule":[81],"II":[82],"drugs,":[83,282],"particular,":[85],"dramatically":[87],"increased.":[88],"Despite":[89],"escalating":[91],"abuse":[94,143,296],"nearly":[98],"15":[99],"to":[100,213,246,263,286],"20":[101],"years":[102],"later":[103],"scientific":[105],"evidence":[106],"effectiveness":[109],"remains":[116],"unclear.":[117],"Concerns":[118],"continue":[119],"regarding":[120],"efficacy;":[121],"problematic":[122],"physiologic":[123],"effects":[124,135],"such":[125],"as":[126,175,177],"hyperalgesia,":[127],"hypogonadism":[128],"sexual":[130],"dysfunction;":[131],"adverse":[133],"side":[134],"-":[136,144],"especially":[137],"potential":[139],"misuse":[141],"increase":[147,223],"opioid-related":[149],"deaths.":[150],"Americans,":[151],"constituting":[152],"only":[153],"4.6%":[154],"world's":[157,181],"population,":[158],"consuming":[161],"80%":[162],"global":[165,172],"supply,":[167,174],"99%":[169],"hydrocodone":[173],"well":[176],"two-thirds":[178],"illegal":[182],"drugs.":[183],"Retail":[184],"sales":[185,251],"commonly":[187],"used":[188],"medications":[190],"(including":[191],"methadone,":[192],"oxycodone,":[193,245],"fentanyl":[194,241],"base,":[195,242],"hydromorphone,":[196,238],"hydrocodone,":[197,235],"morphine,":[198,232],"meperidine,":[199],"codeine)":[201],"increased":[203,257],"from":[204,229,258],"a":[205,268],"total":[206],"50.7":[208],"million":[209,215],"grams":[210,216],"1997":[212,262],"126.5":[214],"2007.":[218],"This":[219,301],"is":[220],"an":[221,304],"overall":[222],"149%":[225],"increases":[227],"ranging":[228],"222%":[230],"280%":[233],"319%":[236],"525%":[239],"866%":[243],"1,293%":[247],"methadone.":[249],"Average":[250],"per":[254],"person":[255],"74":[259],"milligrams":[260,265],"369":[264],"2007,":[267],"402%":[269],"increase.":[270],"Surveys":[271],"nonprescription":[273],"drug":[274],"emergency":[276],"department":[277],"visits":[278],"controlled":[281,288],"unintentional":[283],"deaths":[284],"due":[285],"substances,":[289],"steadily":[299],"rising.":[300],"manuscript":[302],"provides":[303],"updated":[305],"10-year":[306],"perspective":[307],"use,":[310],"non-medical":[313],"their":[318],"consequences.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":74}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}