{"id":"https://openalex.org/W970981179","doi":null,"title":"The early developmental history of concrete block in America","display_name":"The early developmental history of concrete block in America","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W970981179","mag":"970981179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cardinalscholar.bsu.edu:123456789/193842","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401898","display_name":"Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","host_organization_name":"Ball State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CardinalScholar 1.0","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"James Parker Hall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Parker Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15446763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13031","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering Research","score":0.4779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13031","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering Research","score":0.4779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13519","display_name":"Historical Architecture and Urbanism","score":0.17159999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12188","display_name":"Architecture, Modernity, and Design","score":0.1378999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-masonry-units","display_name":"concrete blocks","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portland-cement-industry","display_name":"Portland cement industry","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-20th-century-construction","display_name":"early 20th century construction","score":0.7910000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.8273108601570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776285698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642214","display_name":"Exposition (narrative)","level":2,"score":0.8184365034103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.5282726883888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4659997224807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.3631899952888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3562893867492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3488539457321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21056994795799255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16348183155059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.1603243052959442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.059407442808151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:cardinalscholar.bsu.edu:123456789/193842","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401898","display_name":"Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","host_organization_name":"Ball State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CardinalScholar 1.0","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu:20.500.14291/193842","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/20.500.14291/193842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401898","display_name":"Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","host_organization_name":"Ball State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CardinalScholar 1.0","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:970981179","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/bitstream/123456789/193842/1/Jhall_2009-2_BODY.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764996905","display_name":"CardinalScholar","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CardinalScholar","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6773999929428101}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W658277327","https://openalex.org/W4411606545","https://openalex.org/W2799554965","https://openalex.org/W4413382628","https://openalex.org/W2354311672","https://openalex.org/W2591616988","https://openalex.org/W2339955817","https://openalex.org/W657521546","https://openalex.org/W4248297985","https://openalex.org/W565282695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"thesis":[1],"outlines":[2],"the":[3,18,23,33,45,54,57,61,76,97,101,112,119,129],"early":[4],"developmental":[5],"history":[6,34,62],"of":[7,29,35,56,63,100,106,123],"concrete":[8,36,64,80,91,115,124,126,141],"block":[9,37,48,65,81,92,116,127,142],"in":[10,38,47,83,114,148],"America":[11],"with":[12,44],"special":[13],"attention":[14],"being":[15],"placed":[16],"on":[17],"years":[19],"leading":[20],"up":[21],"to":[22,144],"St.":[24,131],"Louis":[25,132],"Louisiana":[26,133],"Purchase":[27,134],"Exposition":[28],"1904.":[30],"In":[31],"general,":[32],"contemporary":[39],"building":[40],"material":[41],"histories":[42],"begins":[43,66],"innovations":[46,113],"machinery":[49],"that":[50],"took":[51],"place":[52],"at":[53,128],"turn":[55],"20th":[58,102],"century.":[59,103],"However,":[60],"much":[67],"earlier":[68],"than":[69],"these":[70],"innovations.":[71],"Harmon":[72],"S.":[73],"Palmer":[74],"invented":[75],"first":[77,98],"commercially":[78],"successful":[79],"machine":[82],"1900,":[84],"but":[85],"there":[86],"were":[87],"many":[88],"reasons":[89,139],"why":[90,140],"became":[93],"widely":[94,146],"used":[95,147],"during":[96],"half":[99],"The":[104],"establishments":[105],"a":[107],"domestic":[108],"Portland":[109],"cement":[110],"industry,":[111],"machinery,":[117],"and":[118,121,125],"marketing":[120],"promotion":[122],"1904":[130],"Exposition,":[135],"are":[136],"all":[137],"major":[138],"began":[143],"be":[145],"America.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}