{"id":"https://openalex.org/W96984355","doi":null,"title":"Reflections on the FCC\u2019S Recent Approach to Structural Regulation of the Electronic Mass Media","display_name":"Reflections on the FCC\u2019S Recent Approach to Structural Regulation of the Electronic Mass Media","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W96984355","mag":"96984355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.scholarworks.iu.edu:article/50653","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/fclj/article/view/50653","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/fclj/article/download/50653/51495","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402335","display_name":"Indiana Magazine of History (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Federal Communications Law Journal; Vol. 52 No. 3 (2000)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/fclj/article/download/50653/51495","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083916037","display_name":"Lili Levi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lili Levi","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2021Indiana University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021Indiana University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083916037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9058,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90074953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"3","first_page":"581","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14457","display_name":"Intellectual Property Rights and Media","score":0.2912999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14457","display_name":"Intellectual Property Rights and Media","score":0.2912999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13766","display_name":"Media, Journalism, and Communication History","score":0.15760000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.121799997985363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-communications-commission","display_name":"Federal Communications Commission","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-regulation","display_name":"structural regulation","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-media","display_name":"electronic media","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadcasting-regulation","display_name":"broadcasting regulation","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-policy","display_name":"media policy","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902410","display_name":"Deregulation","level":2,"score":0.7425268888473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.7391665577888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558299567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11033","display_name":"Mass media","level":2,"score":0.5505752563476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.5164046883583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.48322924971580505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776014549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3050847","display_name":"Consolidation (business)","level":2,"score":0.4393155574798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3882639408111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.37511947751045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3745576739311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.34444063901901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20658078789710999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.17392566800117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.1326664686203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.scholarworks.iu.edu:article/50653","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/fclj/article/view/50653","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/fclj/article/download/50653/51495","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402335","display_name":"Indiana Magazine of History (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Federal Communications Law Journal; Vol. 52 No. 3 (2000)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.law.indiana.edu:fclj-1243","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/fclj/vol52/iss3/10","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1243&context=fclj","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Federal Communications Law Journal","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.law.miami.edu:fac_articles-1376","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.law.miami.edu/fac_articles/379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196784","display_name":"University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository (University of Miami)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","host_organization_name":"University of Miami","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:96984355","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1376&context=fac_articles","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764426609","display_name":"Federal communications law journal","issn_l":"0163-7606","issn":["0163-7606","2376-4457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Federal communications law journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.scholarworks.iu.edu:article/50653","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/fclj/article/view/50653","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/fclj/article/download/50653/51495","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402335","display_name":"Indiana Magazine of History (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Federal Communications Law Journal; Vol. 52 No. 3 (2000)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W96984355.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W96984355.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W124179202","https://openalex.org/W7067035861","https://openalex.org/W2020752773","https://openalex.org/W3037645478","https://openalex.org/W2031863781","https://openalex.org/W7135740974","https://openalex.org/W2307614524","https://openalex.org/W4213323800","https://openalex.org/W35330897","https://openalex.org/W1505397663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I.":[0],"INTRODUCTION":[1],"Today's":[2],"media":[45],"marketplace":[4],"showcases":[5],"the":[6,10,14,16,24,27,36,55,65,69,76,85,97,110,114,127,133,141,159,171,214,225,233,244,249,252,266,275,282,307,324,343,380,383,400,408,426,429,436,482,490,498,557,560,567],"rapid":[7],"development":[8],"of":[9,13,18,26,31,43,79,129,153,170,232,243,251,271,346,387,414,417,428,432,457,479,486,502,515,525,534,559],"new":[11],"medium":[12],"Internet,":[15],"consolidation":[17],"old,":[19],"established":[20],"mass":[21,59,134,172],"media,":[22],"and":[23,33,38,72,84,184,279,315,337,423,476,500,505,517,537,542,546,548,550],"combination":[25],"two.":[28],"The":[29,189,205,262,353,462,519],"merger":[30],"CBS":[32],"Viacom":[34],"represents":[35],"latest":[37],"biggest":[39],"in":[40,58,68,75,105,146,163,192,217,274,299,334,361,382,407,421,449,489,578],"a":[41,93,155,164,178,181,185,357,392,412,513,523,575],"series":[42],"old":[44],"combinations.":[46],"These":[47],"consolidations":[48,86],"would":[49,371],"not":[50],"have":[51,90,123],"been":[52,296],"possible":[53],"without":[54],"deregulatory":[56,82,157,179,576],"turn":[57,83,193,577],"policy":[61,187],"that":[62,113,130,151,202,228],"began":[63],"with":[64,109],"Fowler":[66],"Commission":[67,160,308,354,437,463,568],"Reagan":[70],"era":[71],"was":[73],"codified":[74],"Telecommunications":[77,430],"Act":[78,431],"1996.":[80],"This":[81,136,174,222],"it":[87,294,495,507],"has":[88,177,194,284,295,309,522,569],"permitted":[89],"led":[91],"to":[92,139,167,219,292,379,394,425,471,510,512,573],"public":[94,210,276,491],"debate":[95,236],"about":[96],"Federal":[98],"Communications":[99],"Commission's":[100,142,253,483],"(FCC's":[101],"or":[102,125,530],"Commission's)":[103],"role":[104],"industry":[106],"structure.":[107],"Starting":[108],"shared":[111],"premise":[112],"FCC":[115,200,263,325,401],"is":[116,161,198,208,488,508],"taking":[117,154],"an":[118,240,446],"increasingly":[119],"market-facilitative":[120],"role,":[121],"commentators":[122],"applauded":[124],"criticized":[126],"impact":[128],"approach":[131,145,166,255,360],"on":[132],"media.":[135,173,319],"Essay":[137,223],"seeks":[138],"put":[140],"current":[143],"structural":[144,168,301,396,580],"fuller":[147],"perspective.":[148],"It":[149],"contends":[150],"instead":[152],"single,":[156],"course,":[158],"engaged":[162],"multipronged":[165,254],"regulation":[169],"multivalent":[175],"design":[176],"component,":[180],"regulatory":[182,190,235,305],"counterweight,":[183],"spectrum":[186],"aspect.":[188],"counterweight":[191],"two":[195],"elements.":[196],"One":[197],"explicit":[199],"rules":[201,329,341,439],"limit":[203],"deregulation.":[204],"other":[206,377,388],"element":[207],"voluntary":[209],"interest":[211,448,492],"commitments":[212],"by":[213,374],"regulated":[215],"industries":[216],"response":[218],"FCC-articulated":[220],"concerns.":[221],"identifies":[224],"hard":[226],"questions":[227],"face":[229],"both":[230,313,493],"sides":[231],"existing":[234],"and,":[237],"having":[238,445],"provided":[239],"alternative":[241],"account":[242],"FCC's":[245],"strategy,":[246],"also":[247,355,402,521],"addresses":[248],"viability":[250],"itself.":[256],"II.":[257],"THE":[258],"FCC'S":[259],"STRUCTURAL":[260],"REGULATIONS":[261],"operates":[264],"under":[265],"extremely":[267],"broad":[268],"statutory":[269],"mandate":[270],"regulating":[272],"broadcasting":[273],"interest,":[277],"convenience,":[278],"necessity.(1)":[280],"While":[281],"agency":[283,520],"imposed":[285],"some":[286],"direct":[287],"content":[288,516],"regulations":[289,397,467],"from":[290,444],"time":[291],"time(2),":[293],"primarily":[297],"active":[298],"adopting":[300],"regulations.(3)":[302],"Over":[303],"its":[304,395,415,579],"history,":[306],"endorsed":[310],"ownership":[311,333,340,386,405,533],"prohibitions":[312],"within":[314],"across":[316,528],"traditionally":[317],"distinct":[318],"Within":[320],"broadcasting,":[321,399],"for":[322,349,398],"example,":[323],"adopted":[326,356,403,438],"local":[327],"anticoncentration":[328],"limiting":[330,342],"multiple":[331,339],"station":[332],"individual":[335],"markets(4)":[336],"national":[338],"total":[344],"number":[345],"stations":[347],"allowed":[348],"any":[350,441],"single":[351],"entity.(5)":[352],"broadcast":[358,368,535,543,551],"licensing":[359],"which":[362],"comparative":[363],"hearings":[364],"among":[365,376],"mutually":[366],"exclusive":[367],"license":[369],"applicants":[370],"be":[372,574],"resolved":[373],"reference,":[375],"things,":[378],"diversity":[381,478,485,514],"various":[384],"applicants'":[385],"interests.(6)":[390],"In":[391],"parallel":[393],"horizontal":[404],"restrictions":[406],"cable":[409,419,450,458,538,540],"context.":[410],"As":[411],"result":[413],"findings":[416],"increasing":[418],"concentration":[420],"1990(7)":[422],"pursuant":[424],"requirements":[427],"1996":[433,561],"(1996":[434],"Act),(8)":[435],"prohibiting":[440,531],"one":[442],"entity":[443],"attributable":[447],"systems":[451,541],"reaching":[452],"more":[453],"than":[454],"thirty":[455],"percent":[456],"homes":[459],"passed":[460],"nationwide.(9)":[461],"justified":[464],"these":[465],"ownership-regarding":[466],"as":[468],"principally":[469],"designed":[470],"prevent":[472,497],"concentration,":[473],"enhance":[474],"competition,":[475],"promote":[477],"voices.(10)":[480],"On":[481],"view,":[484],"outlets":[487],"because":[494,506],"will":[496],"creation":[499],"exercise":[501],"market":[503],"power":[504],"likely":[509],"lead":[511],"views.":[518],"history":[524],"cross-ownership":[526],"limitations":[527],"industries--restricting":[529],"common":[532],"networks":[536],"companies,(11)":[539],"stations,(12)":[544],"telephone":[545],"cable,(13)":[547],"newspapers":[549],"stations.(14)":[552],"However,":[553],"starting":[554],"even":[555],"before":[556],"passage":[558],"Act,":[562],"but":[563],"certainly":[564],"since":[565],"then,":[566],"taken":[570],"what":[571],"appears":[572],"regulations.":[581],"\u2026":[582]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}