{"id":"https://openalex.org/W9643598","doi":null,"title":"The Pain Disability Index: psychometric and validity data.","display_name":"The Pain Disability Index: psychometric and validity data.","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W9643598","mag":"9643598","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3606368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:3606368","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3606368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063179962","display_name":"Raymond C. Tait","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7451-7913","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7451-7913"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R C Tait","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019188992","display_name":"C. Alec Pollard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C A Pollard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109778972","display_name":"R. B. Margolis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R B Margolis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002621790","display_name":"Paul N. Duckro","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P N Duckro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111392186","display_name":"Steven J. Krause","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S J Krause","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":587,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87292975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"7","first_page":"438","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13986","display_name":"Medical Practices and Rehabilitation","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-disability-index","display_name":"Pain Disability Index","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-related-disability","display_name":"pain-related disability","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-properties","display_name":"psychometric properties","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assessment-validity","display_name":"assessment validity","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-structure","display_name":"factor structure","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-consistency","display_name":"internal consistency","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activities-of-daily-living","display_name":"activities of daily living","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-impairment","display_name":"physical impairment","score":0.4959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5574672222137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.5568933486938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.5482027530670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.546518087387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5250309109687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79544238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423243","display_name":"Activities of daily living","level":2,"score":0.47751301527023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910790537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16883239","display_name":"Short Forms","level":2,"score":0.4660554826259613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.4624381959438324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4369361996650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28301310539245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.27416783571243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004185","descriptor_name":"Disability Evaluation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007297","descriptor_name":"Inpatients","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010045","descriptor_name":"Outpatients","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:3606368","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3606368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"mag:9643598","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3606368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9789000153541565,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6714635721","https://openalex.org/W3041047318","https://openalex.org/W2106147539","https://openalex.org/W2418665914","https://openalex.org/W2038774382","https://openalex.org/W2097226727","https://openalex.org/W2417223724","https://openalex.org/W2142488813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020652540","https://openalex.org/W2041680374","https://openalex.org/W7042738700","https://openalex.org/W13966401","https://openalex.org/W2314069580","https://openalex.org/W3173978761","https://openalex.org/W6964095780","https://openalex.org/W2548201310","https://openalex.org/W2344843625","https://openalex.org/W4295502604"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63,77],"Pain":[1],"Disability":[2],"Index":[3],"(PDI)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,57,113],"brief":[7],"instrument":[8],"that":[9,18,95],"was":[10],"developed":[11],"to":[12,70,87,112],"assess":[13],"pain-related":[14],"disability,":[15],"providing":[16],"information":[17],"complements":[19],"assessment":[20],"of":[21,29,39,47,67,81,99,121,136],"physical":[22],"impairment.":[23],"This":[24],"paper":[25],"presents":[26],"the":[27,33,37,40,96,119,122,137],"results":[28],"two":[30,61],"studies":[31],"concerning":[32],"psychometric":[34],"properties":[35],"and":[36,90,129],"validity":[38,120],"PDI.":[41,123],"In":[42],"study":[43],"I,":[44],"PDI":[45,97],"scores":[46,98],"108":[48],"patients":[49],"appeared":[50],"internally":[51],"consistent":[52],"(alpha":[53],"=":[54],".86),":[55],"although":[56],"factor":[58,65,79],"analysis":[59],"revealed":[60],"factors.":[62],"first":[64],"(59.3%":[66],"variance)":[68,82],"seemed":[69],"include":[71],"more":[72,85],"discretionary,":[73],"less":[74],"obligatory":[75],"activities.":[76],"second":[78],"(14.3%":[80],"included":[83],"activities":[84],"basic":[86],"daily":[88],"living":[89],"survival.":[91],"Study":[92],"II":[93],"found":[94],"37":[100],"former":[101,108],"inpatients":[102],"were":[103],"significantly":[104],"higher":[105],"than":[106],"36":[107],"outpatients":[109],"who":[110],"responded":[111],"follow-up":[114],"questionnaire.":[115],"These":[116],"findings":[117],"support":[118],"Several":[124],"methodologic":[125],"issues":[126],"are":[127,131],"discussed,":[128],"suggestions":[130],"made":[132],"for":[133],"future":[134],"uses":[135],"instrument.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}