{"id":"https://openalex.org/W96258177","doi":null,"title":"Racial Discrimination in Major League Baseball: Can it Exist When Productivity is Crystal Clear?","display_name":"Racial Discrimination in Major League Baseball: Can it Exist When Productivity is Crystal Clear?","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W96258177","mag":"96258177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.iwu.edu:jwprc-1700","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/jwprc/2004/oralpres4/2","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/jwprc/2004/oralpres4/2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401938","display_name":"Digital Commons at Illinois Wesleyan University (Illinois Wesleyan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184616310","host_organization_name":"Illinois Wesleyan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184616310"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"John Wesley Powell Student Research Conference","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/jwprc/2004/oralpres4/2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111375153","display_name":"Will Irwin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184616310","display_name":"Illinois Wesleyan University","ror":"https://ror.org/021aqk126","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184616310"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Will Irwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184616310"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111375153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184616310"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.0606,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99221453,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14518","display_name":"American Sports and Literature","score":0.5634999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14518","display_name":"American Sports and Literature","score":0.5634999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.31690001487731934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.060499999672174454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination","display_name":"racial discrimination","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-league-baseball","display_name":"Major League Baseball","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseball-players","display_name":"baseball players","score":0.6660000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207456731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818","display_name":"League","level":2,"score":0.8114616274833679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6081150770187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.40881484746932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3471894860267639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3325057625770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.14232835173606873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.iwu.edu:jwprc-1700","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/jwprc/2004/oralpres4/2","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/jwprc/2004/oralpres4/2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401938","display_name":"Digital Commons at Illinois Wesleyan University (Illinois Wesleyan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184616310","host_organization_name":"Illinois Wesleyan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184616310"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"John Wesley Powell Student Research Conference","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:96258177","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=econ_honproj","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.iwu.edu:jwprc-1700","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/jwprc/2004/oralpres4/2","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/jwprc/2004/oralpres4/2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401938","display_name":"Digital Commons at Illinois Wesleyan University (Illinois Wesleyan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184616310","host_organization_name":"Illinois Wesleyan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184616310"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"John Wesley Powell Student Research Conference","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5676000118255615,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W96258177.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W96258177.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W560816535","https://openalex.org/W1971080547","https://openalex.org/W1992746671","https://openalex.org/W2000892882","https://openalex.org/W2009114205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097708488","https://openalex.org/W1496812797","https://openalex.org/W2063961133","https://openalex.org/W3033205154","https://openalex.org/W2001775094","https://openalex.org/W2984286445","https://openalex.org/W1574568330","https://openalex.org/W2318843579","https://openalex.org/W2278102844","https://openalex.org/W2331346962"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-31T07:19:18.363097","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}