{"id":"https://openalex.org/W954374635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst59-279","title":"Fusion Nuclear Science Facility Candidates","display_name":"Fusion Nuclear Science Facility Candidates","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W954374635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst59-279","mag":"954374635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.13182/fst59-279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst59-279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst59-279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104092111","display_name":"Fusion Science & Technology","issn_l":"1536-1055","issn":["1536-1055","1943-7641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fusion Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040086904","display_name":"Ronald D. Stambaugh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. D. Stambaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000450600","display_name":"Vincent S Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3273-2663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3273-2663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. S. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066742031","display_name":"A. M. Garofalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8244-2448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8244-2448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. M. Garofalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055569400","display_name":"Mohamed E. Sawan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082442710","display_name":"D.A. Humphreys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-4074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-4074"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. A. Humphreys","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048368712","display_name":"Lang L. Lao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1937-2675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1937-2675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. L. Lao","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068985781","display_name":"J.A. Leuer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0955-2025","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0955-2025"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. A. Leuer","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058944932","display_name":"Thomas W. Petrie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-2647","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-2647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. W. Petrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026164199","display_name":"Ronald Prater","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-0111","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-0111"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Prater","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026880159","display_name":"P.B. Snyder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0613-4232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0613-4232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. B. Snyder","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053166159","display_name":"John P. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-4980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-4980"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. P. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113547628","display_name":"Clement P.C. Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63533367","display_name":"General Atomics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ngjpk76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. P. C. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63533367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90786819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"2","first_page":"279","last_page":"307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.7383000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.7383000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10592","display_name":"Fusion materials and technologies","score":0.22310000658035278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13769","display_name":"Fusion and Plasma Physics Studies","score":0.01899999938905239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-nuclear-science-facility","display_name":"Fusion Nuclear Science Facility","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokamak-design","display_name":"tokamak design","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aspect-ratio","display_name":"aspect ratio","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tritium-breeding","display_name":"tritium breeding","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-reactor-blanket","display_name":"fusion blanket","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-irradiation-damage","display_name":"neutron irradiation damage","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-heat","display_name":"process heat","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-design-optimization","display_name":"machine design optimization","score":0.5299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779261148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5852","display_name":"Blanket","level":2,"score":0.8692008256912231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116515362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188589","display_name":"Tokamak","level":3,"score":0.8127782344818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.7954634428024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24671956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641442","display_name":"Fusion power","level":3,"score":0.6601670384407043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69285833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13082","display_name":"Nuclear fusion","level":2,"score":0.6003736853599548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152568617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348","display_name":"Neutron","level":2,"score":0.5567695498466492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.47866925597190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.46620333194732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.44373106956481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181833780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926734","display_name":"Neutron source","level":3,"score":0.43701010942459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4297308325767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778541603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","level":2,"score":0.42890557646751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3928683400154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3387933075428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.32483792304992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26978904008865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08948352932929993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.13182/fst59-279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst59-279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst59-279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104092111","display_name":"Fusion Science & Technology","issn_l":"1536-1055","issn":["1536-1055","1943-7641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fusion Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974722950","https://openalex.org/W2187387882","https://openalex.org/W2098512548","https://openalex.org/W355144485","https://openalex.org/W4292771325","https://openalex.org/W2076660564","https://openalex.org/W43272825","https://openalex.org/W2613953573","https://openalex.org/W590455556","https://openalex.org/W2738748836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"move":[1],"to":[2,20,38,53,67,74,77,86,100,118],"a":[3,10],"fusion":[4,46],"DEMO":[5],"power":[6],"plant":[7],"after":[8],"ITER,":[9],"Fusion":[11],"Nuclear":[12],"Science":[13],"Facility":[14],"(FNSF)":[15],"is":[16],"needed":[17],"in":[18,24,128],"addition":[19],"ITER":[21],"and":[22,27,40,59,83,98,132,158],"research":[23,35],"operating":[25],"tokamaks":[26],"those":[28,119],"under":[29],"construction.":[30],"The":[31,139,153],"FNSF":[32,125],"will":[33],"enable":[34],"on":[36,94],"how":[37,52,76,85,99],"utilize":[39],"deal":[41,87],"with":[42,88],"the":[43,55,81,89,92,95,102,109,124],"products":[44],"of":[45,91,141],"reactions,":[47],"addressing":[48],"such":[49],"issues":[50],"as":[51,114],"extract":[54],"energy":[56],"from":[57,80],"neutrons":[58,82,93],"alpha":[60,110],"particles":[61],"into":[62],"high-temperature":[63],"process":[64],"heat":[65,112],"streams":[66],"be":[68],"either":[69],"used":[70],"directly":[71],"or":[72],"converted":[73],"electricity,":[75],"make":[78],"tritium":[79],"lithium,":[84],"effects":[90],"blanket":[96],"structures,":[97],"manage":[101],"first":[103],"wall":[104],"surface":[105],"erosion":[106],"caused":[107],"by":[108],"particle":[111],"appearing":[113],"low-energy":[115],"plasma":[116],"fluxes":[117],"surfaces.":[120],"Two":[121],"candidates":[122],"for":[123],"are":[126,150,156],"considered":[127],"this":[129],"paper:":[130],"normal":[131],"low":[133],"aspect":[134,148],"ratio":[135,149],"copper":[136],"magnet":[137],"tokamaks.":[138],"methods":[140],"selecting":[142],"optimum":[143],"machine":[144],"design":[145],"points":[146],"versus":[147],"fully":[151],"presented.":[152],"two":[154],"options":[155,161],"compared":[157],"contrasted;":[159],"both":[160],"appear":[162],"viable.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}