{"id":"https://openalex.org/W94564301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5230655","title":"Soil washing: A preliminary assessment of its applicability to Hanford","display_name":"Soil washing: A preliminary assessment of its applicability to Hanford","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W94564301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5230655","mag":"94564301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/5230655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5230655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5230655","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5230655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5230655","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110966490","display_name":"Mark A. Gerber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M A Gerber","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083248429","display_name":"H.D. Freeman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H D Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland , Washington 99352"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland , Washington 99352","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113731286","display_name":"E.G. Baker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E G Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland , Washington 99352"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland , Washington 99352","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064152022","display_name":"W.F. Riemath","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W F Riemath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland , Washington 99352","Springfield , VA 22161"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland , Washington 99352","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Springfield , VA 22161","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":0.6118000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":0.6118000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.10689999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10973","display_name":"Radioactive element chemistry and processing","score":0.09799999743700027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1604","display_name":"Inorganic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-washing","display_name":"soil washing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hanford-site","display_name":"Hanford Site","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-remediation","display_name":"soil remediation","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radioactive-contamination","display_name":"radioactive contamination","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-particle-size","display_name":"soil particle size","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/300-area","display_name":"300 Area","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazardous-waste-remediation","display_name":"hazardous waste cleanup","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778192726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284526","display_name":"Hanford Site","level":3,"score":0.8909695148468018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.716816782951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6809828281402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.6801578998565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65580899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212734","display_name":"Soil contamination","level":3,"score":0.5959312319755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.5671098828315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22507642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069369","display_name":"Hazardous waste","level":2,"score":0.5561342835426331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540271850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1102","display_name":"Plutonium","level":2,"score":0.4999372959136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.47873207926750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107211472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284486","display_name":"Human decontamination","level":2,"score":0.4706123471260071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158973077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192900","display_name":"Radionuclide","level":2,"score":0.4636135697364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.4205368459224701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779436609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2458173","display_name":"Savannah River Site","level":3,"score":0.4129982590675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.34621483087539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.28999143838882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89690796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185252","display_name":"Radioactive waste","level":2,"score":0.266920804977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.21368801593780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177322064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750955","display_name":"Radiochemistry","level":1,"score":0.06641167402267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06526142358779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2172/5230655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5230655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5230655","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5230655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:5230655","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5230655","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5230655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc1071497","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1071497/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/5230655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5230655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5230655","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5230655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W94564301.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W94564301.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2268274415","https://openalex.org/W1597879530","https://openalex.org/W2234155640","https://openalex.org/W2045008207","https://openalex.org/W2418382592","https://openalex.org/W1587363074","https://openalex.org/W839859995","https://openalex.org/W23264454","https://openalex.org/W1977574253","https://openalex.org/W1529487349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soil":[0],"washing":[1,55,131],"is":[2,59,91,107],"being":[3],"considered":[4],"for":[5,29,37,168],"treating":[6],"soils":[7,39,136,153],"at":[8],"the":[9,30,43,53,72,84,94,97,100,110,124,142,145,148,177,181,188,200,214],"US":[10,31],"Department":[11,32],"of":[12,20,24,33,83,88,99,112,129,144,150,187,213],"Energy's":[13],"(DOE)":[14],"Hanford":[15,133,152],"Site.":[16],"As":[17],"a":[18,62,80],"result":[19],"over":[21],"50":[22],"years":[23],"operations":[25],"to":[26,70,92,104,108,132,157,185],"produce":[27],"plutonium":[28],"Defense":[34],"and":[35,50,64,114,147,161,206,208],"research":[36],"DOE,":[38],"in":[40,79,173,180,199,225],"areas":[41],"within":[42],"Site":[44,134],"are":[45,165,202,218,223],"contaminated":[46,57,135],"with":[47,61,117],"hazardous":[48],"wastes":[49],"radionuclides.":[51],"In":[52],"soil":[54,58,115,130,169,174,189,201],"process,":[56],"mixed":[60],"liquid":[63],"then":[65],"physically":[66],"and/or":[67,76],"chemically":[68],"treated":[69],"dissolve":[71],"contaminants":[73,95,113,198,217],"into":[74,139],"solution":[75],"concentrate":[77],"them":[78],"small":[81],"fraction":[82],"soil.":[85,101],"The":[86,102,127,196],"purpose":[87],"this":[89],"procedure":[90],"separate":[93],"from":[96,176],"bulk":[98],"key":[103],"successful":[105],"application":[106],"match":[109],"types":[111],"characteristics":[116,143,167],"physical-chemical":[118],"methods":[119],"that":[120],"perform":[121],"well":[122],"under":[123],"existing":[125],"conditions.":[126],"applicability":[128],"must":[137],"take":[138],"account":[140],"both":[141],"oil":[146],"type":[149],"contamination.":[151],"typically":[154],"contain":[155],"up":[156],"90%":[158,186],"sand,":[159],"gravel,":[160],"cobbles,":[162],"which":[163],"generally":[164],"favorable":[166],"washing.":[170],"For":[171,211],"example,":[172],"samples":[175],"north":[178],"pond":[179],"300":[182],"Area,":[183],"80%":[184],"particles":[190],"were":[191],"larger":[192],"than":[193],"250":[194],"{mu}m.":[195],"principal":[197],"radionuclides,":[203],"heavy":[204],"metals,":[205],"nitrate":[207],"sulfate":[209],"salts.":[210],"most":[212],"sites,":[215],"organic":[216],"either":[219],"not":[220],"present":[221],"or":[222],"found":[224],"very":[226],"low":[227],"concentration.":[228],"28":[229],"refs.,":[230],"5":[231],"figs.,":[232],"10":[233],"tabs.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}