{"id":"https://openalex.org/W9453249","doi":null,"title":"A critical policy analysis: The impact of zero tolerance on out -of -school suspensions and expulsions of students of color in the state of Texas by gender and school level","display_name":"A critical policy analysis: The impact of zero tolerance on out -of -school suspensions and expulsions of students of color in the state of Texas by gender and school level","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W9453249","mag":"9453249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:oaktrust.library.tamu.edu:1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1484","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400291","display_name":"OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","host_organization_name":"Texas A&M University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068800210","display_name":"Earnestyne Lashonne Sullivan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Earnestyne Lashonne Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068800210"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-tolerance","display_name":"zero tolerance policy","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-discipline","display_name":"student discipline","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-school-suspension","display_name":"out-of-school suspension","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expulsion","display_name":"expulsion","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/students-of-color","display_name":"students of color","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-students","display_name":"African American students","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-race-theory","display_name":"critical race theory","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-policy-analysis","display_name":"critical policy analysis","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-safety","display_name":"school safety","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/texas-public-schools","display_name":"Texas public schools","score":0.9480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776775276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156955","display_name":"Zero tolerance","level":2,"score":0.6787679195404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.611305832862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5363686084747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776828027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047628","display_name":"Women of color","level":3,"score":0.43393203616142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38231778144836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3661343455314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3274992108345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24928820133209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.21933257579803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18893513083457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:oaktrust.library.tamu.edu:1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1484","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400291","display_name":"OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","host_organization_name":"Texas A&M University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:9453249","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1484/1/SULLIVAN-DISSERTATION.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":130,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11349672","https://openalex.org/W13635805","https://openalex.org/W17236141","https://openalex.org/W20847832","https://openalex.org/W42417421","https://openalex.org/W46302826","https://openalex.org/W46636160","https://openalex.org/W47085015","https://openalex.org/W52364997","https://openalex.org/W55686703","https://openalex.org/W75355870","https://openalex.org/W80573926","https://openalex.org/W80832886","https://openalex.org/W89610604","https://openalex.org/W90582778","https://openalex.org/W92838252","https://openalex.org/W99241846","https://openalex.org/W105302234","https://openalex.org/W106560621","https://openalex.org/W107217346","https://openalex.org/W111664898","https://openalex.org/W112021298","https://openalex.org/W120605087","https://openalex.org/W123046171","https://openalex.org/W139409253","https://openalex.org/W154836206","https://openalex.org/W161133966","https://openalex.org/W163497514","https://openalex.org/W169141010","https://openalex.org/W191099190","https://openalex.org/W193294613","https://openalex.org/W205035517","https://openalex.org/W220579928","https://openalex.org/W234103373","https://openalex.org/W241401794","https://openalex.org/W244621611","https://openalex.org/W249104459","https://openalex.org/W272340627","https://openalex.org/W296793118","https://openalex.org/W349455462","https://openalex.org/W350458995","https://openalex.org/W392907305","https://openalex.org/W588964231","https://openalex.org/W590561612","https://openalex.org/W595954336","https://openalex.org/W1169487655","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1493630773","https://openalex.org/W1498464629","https://openalex.org/W1529795544","https://openalex.org/W1538478364","https://openalex.org/W1538871846","https://openalex.org/W1543971459","https://openalex.org/W1549597218","https://openalex.org/W1554376125","https://openalex.org/W1558291279","https://openalex.org/W1563514414","https://openalex.org/W1570455966","https://openalex.org/W1577881181","https://openalex.org/W1580669575","https://openalex.org/W1739551811","https://openalex.org/W1907600717","https://openalex.org/W1936093414","https://openalex.org/W1965685137","https://openalex.org/W1967820349","https://openalex.org/W1968610592","https://openalex.org/W1972413476","https://openalex.org/W1973621026","https://openalex.org/W1977093588","https://openalex.org/W1983328831","https://openalex.org/W1986801840","https://openalex.org/W1989014790","https://openalex.org/W1992116687","https://openalex.org/W1993554416","https://openalex.org/W1996809708","https://openalex.org/W1996849519","https://openalex.org/W1999049524","https://openalex.org/W2000369070","https://openalex.org/W2009491561","https://openalex.org/W2010711003","https://openalex.org/W2020272071","https://openalex.org/W2026569925","https://openalex.org/W2026649096","https://openalex.org/W2030653458","https://openalex.org/W2034071738","https://openalex.org/W2035271491","https://openalex.org/W2044548938","https://openalex.org/W2047755817","https://openalex.org/W2047762318","https://openalex.org/W2048480172","https://openalex.org/W2048639312","https://openalex.org/W2053698602","https://openalex.org/W2060701676","https://openalex.org/W2061705005","https://openalex.org/W2062201333","https://openalex.org/W2067808479","https://openalex.org/W2081492310","https://openalex.org/W2084982785","https://openalex.org/W2092987572","https://openalex.org/W2096842420","https://openalex.org/W2103390258","https://openalex.org/W2104913524","https://openalex.org/W2106934546","https://openalex.org/W2107202675","https://openalex.org/W2110308516","https://openalex.org/W2111490417","https://openalex.org/W2114454683","https://openalex.org/W2116058162","https://openalex.org/W2116952387","https://openalex.org/W2123525889","https://openalex.org/W2126175524","https://openalex.org/W2134386666","https://openalex.org/W2155416345","https://openalex.org/W2163668211","https://openalex.org/W2166105101","https://openalex.org/W2170462716","https://openalex.org/W2179891792","https://openalex.org/W2226468492","https://openalex.org/W2261771027","https://openalex.org/W2726596084","https://openalex.org/W2728217222","https://openalex.org/W2732368998","https://openalex.org/W2795844346","https://openalex.org/W2797748090","https://openalex.org/W2798873762","https://openalex.org/W2917637600","https://openalex.org/W2988247881","https://openalex.org/W2992732090","https://openalex.org/W3117619809","https://openalex.org/W3200074247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1858804051","https://openalex.org/W357428276","https://openalex.org/W2946094470","https://openalex.org/W2897643199","https://openalex.org/W2613718834","https://openalex.org/W3169577067","https://openalex.org/W2590207803","https://openalex.org/W7162723733","https://openalex.org/W4243233604","https://openalex.org/W2418407068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,132],"focused":[2],"on":[3,109,137],"the":[4,15,44,88,95,99,103,110,131,148,153,156,167,175,188,226,233,237,245,261,270,278],"disciplining":[5],"actions":[6,249],"given":[7,113],"to":[8,29,114,200,214,276],"students":[9,53,115,144,168,182,216,251],"of":[10,14,54,77,94,102,116,130,135,143,145,150,155,166,187,196,217,225,247,252,269,280],"color":[11,55,117,146,253],"after":[12,152],"the\\nimplementation":[13],"zero":[16],"tolerance":[17],"(ZT)":[18],"policy":[19,83,157,267],"in":[20,59,147,170,173],"Texas\u2019":[21,60],"schools.":[22,281],"Out-of-school\\nsuspension":[23],"and":[24,40,50,65,140,177,184,206,222,229,231],"expulsion":[25,141],"data":[26,96,238],"were":[27,69,118,240],"analyzed":[28,71,119],"depict":[30],"trends":[31],"and/or":[32],"patterns":[33],"across":[34],"school\\nlevels":[35],"as":[36,38,85,159,272],"well":[37],"gender":[39,107],"race/ethnicity.":[41],"More":[42],"specifically,":[43],"disciplinary":[45,111,248],"action":[46,112],"of\\n34,047":[47],"elementary,":[48],"middle":[49],"high":[51],"school":[52,105,163,179],"suspended":[56],"out-of-school":[57,138,227],"and\\nexpelled":[58],"public":[61,171],"schools":[62,172],"during":[63,120,161],"the1999-2000":[64],"2002-2003":[66,178],"academic":[67],"school\\nyears":[68],"statistically":[70,127],"then":[72],"evaluated":[73],"via":[74,264],"specific":[75],"tenets":[76],"critical":[78,82,256,266],"race":[79,257],"theory\\n(CRT).":[80],"A":[81],"analysis,":[84],"defined":[86],"by":[87],"researcher,":[89],"was":[90,133],"discussed":[91],"using":[92],"the\\nresults":[93],"analysis.\\nIn":[97],"addition,":[98],"predictive":[100],"power":[101],"variables":[104],"level,":[106],"and\\nrace/ethnicity":[108],"the\\nschool":[121],"terms":[122],"under":[123],"study.":[124],"The":[125],"most":[126],"significant":[128],"finding":[129],"the\\ninfluence":[134],"ethnicity":[136],"suspension":[139],"rates":[142],"State":[149],"Texas":[151],"implementation":[154],"known":[158],"ZT":[160],"the\\nselected":[162],"terms.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"enrolled":[169,210],"Texas\\nduring":[174],"1999-2000":[176],"years,":[180],"African-American":[181],"comprised\\n14.3":[183],"14.4":[185],"percent":[186,208,224],"population;":[189],"yet,":[190],"they":[191],"received":[192,220],"more":[193],"than":[194],"one-third":[195],"all\\ndisciplining":[197],"actions,":[198],"second":[199],"European":[201],"Americans":[202],"who":[203],"comprised":[204],"43":[205],"40":[207],"of\\nthe":[209],"population.":[211],"When":[212],"compared":[213],"other":[215],"color,":[218],"African-American\\nstudents":[219],"53.6":[221],"53.9":[223],"suspensions":[228],"64.3":[230],"65.1\\nof":[232],"expulsions.":[234],"Even":[235],"though":[236],"presented":[239],"aligned":[241],"with":[242],"previous":[243],"research\\nstudies,":[244],"view":[246],"for":[250],"from":[254],"a":[255,265],"theory\\n(CRT)":[258],"lens":[259],"highlights":[260],"deficiencies":[262],"outlined":[263],"analysis":[268],"ZT\\npolicy":[271],"it":[273],"is":[274],"used":[275],"fortify":[277],"safety":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
