{"id":"https://openalex.org/W93897653","doi":null,"title":"Characterization of Quantum States of Light","display_name":"Characterization of Quantum States of Light","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W93897653","mag":"93897653"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/24293","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24293","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0cdcc068-2bd2-4c0b-94ff-b21c90e54dd3/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0cdcc068-2bd2-4c0b-94ff-b21c90e54dd3/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089057565","display_name":"Robert B. A. Adamson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0613","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0613","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3862-7100"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Adamson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-0613","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089057565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-state-estimation","display_name":"quantum state estimation","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-indistinguishability","display_name":"photon indistinguishability","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-state-characterization","display_name":"quantum state characterization","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization-state","display_name":"polarization state","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wigner-function","display_name":"discrete Wigner function","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-measurement","display_name":"optimal measurement","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-distinguishability","display_name":"quantum distinguishability","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-optics","display_name":"quantum optics","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6766902208328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.38475048542022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15742453932762146}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/24293","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24293","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0cdcc068-2bd2-4c0b-94ff-b21c90e54dd3/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:collectionscanada.gc.ca:OTU.1807/24293","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402307","display_name":"Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2802286613","host_organization_name":"Government of Canada","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802286613"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:93897653","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/24293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/24293","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24293","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0cdcc068-2bd2-4c0b-94ff-b21c90e54dd3/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W93897653.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W93897653.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582709207","https://openalex.org/W1500256440","https://openalex.org/W1521316741","https://openalex.org/W1530555988","https://openalex.org/W1619733369","https://openalex.org/W1623920228","https://openalex.org/W1631356911","https://openalex.org/W1647811063","https://openalex.org/W1783862658","https://openalex.org/W1784120331","https://openalex.org/W1884677478","https://openalex.org/W1919293721","https://openalex.org/W1964169685","https://openalex.org/W1964245059","https://openalex.org/W1966426739","https://openalex.org/W1967073510","https://openalex.org/W1967141681","https://openalex.org/W1967295473","https://openalex.org/W1968455554","https://openalex.org/W1969955524","https://openalex.org/W1971334101","https://openalex.org/W1973468645","https://openalex.org/W1975496472","https://openalex.org/W1977064951","https://openalex.org/W1977733098","https://openalex.org/W1978131279","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W1979089304","https://openalex.org/W1983802412","https://openalex.org/W1983855082","https://openalex.org/W1986407511","https://openalex.org/W1987429431","https://openalex.org/W1988155384","https://openalex.org/W1991985130","https://openalex.org/W1994217784","https://openalex.org/W1994712115","https://openalex.org/W1995105136","https://openalex.org/W1997124098","https://openalex.org/W2001594991","https://openalex.org/W2002451589","https://openalex.org/W2003390277","https://openalex.org/W2006199507","https://openalex.org/W2008230310","https://openalex.org/W2011208902","https://openalex.org/W2015849490","https://openalex.org/W2019421585","https://openalex.org/W2021895789","https://openalex.org/W2024622260","https://openalex.org/W2025187617","https://openalex.org/W2025731618","https://openalex.org/W2028390238","https://openalex.org/W2028815089","https://openalex.org/W2031033292","https://openalex.org/W2031147858","https://openalex.org/W2033879010","https://openalex.org/W2033909248","https://openalex.org/W2034347880","https://openalex.org/W2034741796","https://openalex.org/W2035868362","https://openalex.org/W2036245140","https://openalex.org/W2036638802","https://openalex.org/W2037757747","https://openalex.org/W2039004790","https://openalex.org/W2039871263","https://openalex.org/W2040918100","https://openalex.org/W2041948147","https://openalex.org/W2041964239","https://openalex.org/W2042723520","https://openalex.org/W2043733984","https://openalex.org/W2045140905","https://openalex.org/W2046938896","https://openalex.org/W2047684563","https://openalex.org/W2051834075","https://openalex.org/W2052149259","https://openalex.org/W2052457796","https://openalex.org/W2055598707","https://openalex.org/W2059108078","https://openalex.org/W2060807102","https://openalex.org/W2060887031","https://openalex.org/W2062584998","https://openalex.org/W2067044773","https://openalex.org/W2067184005","https://openalex.org/W2068309725","https://openalex.org/W2071277014","https://openalex.org/W2071912526","https://openalex.org/W2072232105","https://openalex.org/W2073490670","https://openalex.org/W2073659633","https://openalex.org/W2073781628","https://openalex.org/W2076262862","https://openalex.org/W2077063885","https://openalex.org/W2082420839","https://openalex.org/W2084035623","https://openalex.org/W2084506049","https://openalex.org/W2086086067","https://openalex.org/W2088148954","https://openalex.org/W2092897693","https://openalex.org/W2094366212","https://openalex.org/W2113906175","https://openalex.org/W2121422678","https://openalex.org/W2122205028","https://openalex.org/W2125882885","https://openalex.org/W2130395074","https://openalex.org/W2132500779","https://openalex.org/W2135178212","https://openalex.org/W2135830616","https://openalex.org/W2145426331","https://openalex.org/W2149599537","https://openalex.org/W2151346898","https://openalex.org/W2152231616","https://openalex.org/W2162030761","https://openalex.org/W2163525631","https://openalex.org/W2163734234","https://openalex.org/W2169515672","https://openalex.org/W2764035156","https://openalex.org/W2769716889","https://openalex.org/W2949433943","https://openalex.org/W2964280276","https://openalex.org/W3021789130","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3037687232","https://openalex.org/W3037687804","https://openalex.org/W3099488183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2908069438","https://openalex.org/W2551595910","https://openalex.org/W2117845705","https://openalex.org/W2560159636","https://openalex.org/W2023932538","https://openalex.org/W7134064191","https://openalex.org/W4410994169","https://openalex.org/W10037866","https://openalex.org/W1984609266","https://openalex.org/W2581972497"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0,36,49,81,115,132,145],"present":[1,50,116],"a":[2,129,154,163,176,190,198,211,222,238,255],"series":[3],"of":[4,12,22,56,58,69,91,95,112,119,124,128,142,157,175,193,200,225,242,245,251,257],"experimental":[5],"and":[6,77,97],"theoretical":[7],"advances":[8],"in":[9,43,161,178,237],"the":[10,19,32,52,67,89,110,113,117,120,125,139,143,149,158,172,194,201,204,207,226,232,243,246,263],"field":[11],"quantum":[13,20,44,159,173],"state":[14,21,45,76,94,111,127,141,160,174,195],"estimation.":[15,46],"Techniques":[16],"for":[17,28,40],"measuring":[18],"light":[23],"that":[24,181,213,259],"were":[25],"originally":[26],"developed":[27],"distinguishable\\nphotons":[29],"fail":[30],"when":[31,103],"particles":[33],"are":[34,182],"indistinguishable.":[35],"develop":[37],"new":[38,155],"methods":[39],"handling":[41],"indistinguishability":[42],"The":[47],"technique":[48,212],"provides":[51],"first":[53,121],"complete":[54],"description":[55,156],"states":[57],"experimentally":[59],"indistinguishable":[60],"photons.":[61],"It":[62],"allows":[63,214,228],"me":[64],"to":[65,72,78,88,153,170,217,234],"derive":[66],"number":[68,256],"parameters":[70,205],"needed":[71],"describe":[73,171],"an":[74,134],"arbitrary":[75],"quantify":[79],"distinguishability.":[80],"demonstrate":[82],"its":[83],"use":[84],"by":[85,197],"applying":[86],"it":[87],"measurement":[90],"the\\nquantum":[92],"polarization":[93,126],"two":[96],"three-photon":[98],"systems.\\n\\nState":[99],"characterization":[100,123,192,224],"is":[101,107,167],"optimal":[102,122,150],"no":[104],"redundant":[105],"information":[106],"collected":[108],"about":[109],"system.":[114,131],"results":[118],"two-photon":[130],"show":[133,147],"improved":[135],"estimation":[136],"power":[137],"over":[138],"previous":[140],"art.":[144],"also":[146],"how":[148],"measurements":[151,258],"lead":[152],"terms\\nof":[162],"discrete":[164],"Wigner":[165],"function.\\n\\nIt":[166],"often":[168],"desirable":[169],"system":[177,264],"terms":[179],"of\\nproperties":[180],"not":[183],"themselves":[184],"quantum-mechanical":[185],"observables.":[186],"This":[187],"usually":[188],"requires":[189,254],"full":[191,223],"followed":[196],"calculation":[199],"properties":[202,216],"from":[203],"characterizing":[206],"state.":[208],"\\nI":[209],"apply":[210],"such":[215,230],"be":[218,235],"determined":[219,236],"directly,":[220],"without":[221],"state.\\nThis":[227],"one":[229],"property,":[231],"purity,":[233],"single":[239],"measurement,":[240],"regardless":[241],"size":[244],"system,":[247],"while\\nthe":[248],"conventional":[249],"method":[250],"determining":[252],"purity":[253],"scales":[260],"exponentially":[261],"with":[262],"size.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}