{"id":"https://openalex.org/W93871795","doi":null,"title":"A study of cultural orientation and attitudes and meaning toward play: A cross cultural investigation among emerging adulthood in the People Republic of China, Hong Kong, and United States","display_name":"A study of cultural orientation and attitudes and meaning toward play: A cross cultural investigation among emerging adulthood in the People Republic of China, Hong Kong, and United States","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W93871795","mag":"93871795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.uni.edu:etd-1517","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/615","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196489","display_name":"UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119234918","host_organization_name":"University of Northern Iowa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119234918"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dissertations and Theses @ UNI","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/615","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020488341","display_name":"Winnie Wing Sze Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Winnie Wing-Sze Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020488341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03127461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11793","display_name":"Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11793","display_name":"Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11454","display_name":"Cultural Differences and Values","score":0.024299999698996544,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11998","display_name":"Youth Development and Social Support","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/play","display_name":"play","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-adulthood","display_name":"emerging adulthood","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-orientation","display_name":"cultural orientation","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-comparison","display_name":"cross-cultural comparison","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hong-kong","display_name":"Hong Kong","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/definition-of-play","display_name":"meaning of play","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-taking","display_name":"risk-taking","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tolerance-for-ambiguity","display_name":"ambiguity tolerance","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-status","display_name":"social status","score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-education-students","display_name":"physical education students","score":0.7049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.7932467460632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.725092351436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168646138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11578821","display_name":"Cross-cultural","level":2,"score":0.6183180212974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777256092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465613","display_name":"People's Republic","level":3,"score":0.5156025290489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48274892568588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776490854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30324724","display_name":"Future orientation","level":2,"score":0.4225686192512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.42036324739456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3614598512649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.350216269493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3426366448402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30085891485214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.1522524058818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08205392956733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.uni.edu:etd-1517","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/615","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196489","display_name":"UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119234918","host_organization_name":"University of Northern Iowa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119234918"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dissertations and Theses @ UNI","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:93871795","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB18250949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306481717","display_name":"University Microfilms International eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"UMI eBooks","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.uni.edu:etd-1517","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/615","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196489","display_name":"UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119234918","host_organization_name":"University of Northern Iowa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119234918"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dissertations and Theses @ UNI","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W93871795.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W93871795.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":126,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47360463","https://openalex.org/W101187871","https://openalex.org/W126212796","https://openalex.org/W191648996","https://openalex.org/W419660656","https://openalex.org/W578646348","https://openalex.org/W587263676","https://openalex.org/W590737860","https://openalex.org/W634833518","https://openalex.org/W657619556","https://openalex.org/W943349833","https://openalex.org/W1480300639","https://openalex.org/W1484610670","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1487339319","https://openalex.org/W1502174602","https://openalex.org/W1520964417","https://openalex.org/W1530658750","https://openalex.org/W1552354380","https://openalex.org/W1556468490","https://openalex.org/W1575925533","https://openalex.org/W1580505287","https://openalex.org/W1600275905","https://openalex.org/W1606816906","https://openalex.org/W1679875037","https://openalex.org/W1713937778","https://openalex.org/W1760020891","https://openalex.org/W1791787674","https://openalex.org/W1855539512","https://openalex.org/W1874946964","https://openalex.org/W1916297846","https://openalex.org/W1922245740","https://openalex.org/W1947411909","https://openalex.org/W1963643208","https://openalex.org/W1966286226","https://openalex.org/W1976460644","https://openalex.org/W1978311462","https://openalex.org/W1982182872","https://openalex.org/W1986761112","https://openalex.org/W1987091594","https://openalex.org/W1989689702","https://openalex.org/W1993995062","https://openalex.org/W1994989890","https://openalex.org/W1997583220","https://openalex.org/W2005123974","https://openalex.org/W2006873532","https://openalex.org/W2009848803","https://openalex.org/W2012186625","https://openalex.org/W2018421965","https://openalex.org/W2021367065","https://openalex.org/W2021531275","https://openalex.org/W2022255727","https://openalex.org/W2025516360","https://openalex.org/W2026833700","https://openalex.org/W2027574049","https://openalex.org/W2029271369","https://openalex.org/W2032178818","https://openalex.org/W2036966254","https://openalex.org/W2040164807","https://openalex.org/W2043367906","https://openalex.org/W2046626229","https://openalex.org/W2051618612","https://openalex.org/W2052490685","https://openalex.org/W2055684847","https://openalex.org/W2059371370","https://openalex.org/W2063690948","https://openalex.org/W2064110613","https://openalex.org/W2065919028","https://openalex.org/W2067319239","https://openalex.org/W2068558265","https://openalex.org/W2070095755","https://openalex.org/W2072369045","https://openalex.org/W2074470423","https://openalex.org/W2074982085","https://openalex.org/W2080641334","https://openalex.org/W2083734684","https://openalex.org/W2087689270","https://openalex.org/W2097066784","https://openalex.org/W2097780989","https://openalex.org/W2099518697","https://openalex.org/W2099949389","https://openalex.org/W2100826189","https://openalex.org/W2103025670","https://openalex.org/W2114730671","https://openalex.org/W2116332126","https://openalex.org/W2126050533","https://openalex.org/W2128882516","https://openalex.org/W2140205964","https://openalex.org/W2142461424","https://openalex.org/W2143342727","https://openalex.org/W2147402944","https://openalex.org/W2147867618","https://openalex.org/W2148798709","https://openalex.org/W2150839631","https://openalex.org/W2151216416","https://openalex.org/W2151677629","https://openalex.org/W2152858570","https://openalex.org/W2153900863","https://openalex.org/W2154225148","https://openalex.org/W2157476711","https://openalex.org/W2157904933","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2159401492","https://openalex.org/W2160172778","https://openalex.org/W2160357658","https://openalex.org/W2162559997","https://openalex.org/W2167865526","https://openalex.org/W2168907003","https://openalex.org/W2170000187","https://openalex.org/W2171933695","https://openalex.org/W2227480767","https://openalex.org/W2316959158","https://openalex.org/W2485186761","https://openalex.org/W2493261606","https://openalex.org/W2511628803","https://openalex.org/W2751379301","https://openalex.org/W2770118980","https://openalex.org/W2798304687","https://openalex.org/W2810024080","https://openalex.org/W2947476960","https://openalex.org/W2964752397","https://openalex.org/W2999441350","https://openalex.org/W3023940022","https://openalex.org/W3144868933","https://openalex.org/W3150377564","https://openalex.org/W4253272118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093134627","https://openalex.org/W2765342975","https://openalex.org/W2786047259","https://openalex.org/W6889529721","https://openalex.org/W2759464992","https://openalex.org/W1965839556","https://openalex.org/W6974567188","https://openalex.org/W7023722354","https://openalex.org/W2103025670","https://openalex.org/W4200210584"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,24,46,106,186,457,481],"purpose":[1,26],"of":[2,16,27,39,55,64,77,80,95,104,124,160,177,180,206,210,214,287,329,347,459,467,473,494,497,502],"this":[3,28,235,460],"study":[4,29,47,88,107,192,236,276,461,482],"was":[5,30,66,108,193,198,229],"to":[6,31,69,119,248,254,258,262,266,322,389,464,470,489],"examine":[7],"play":[8,40,65,288,298,348,430,474,476,498,503],"among":[9,93],"emerging":[10,232,305,343,436,479,505],"adults":[11,233,306,344,373,397,419,437,506],"in":[12,145,163,169,183,189,234,398,415,420,428,438,454,507],"the":[13,21,33,36,50,87,90,153,158,164,170,174,190,238,409,439,448,465,484,500],"People":[14],"Republic":[15],"China,":[17],"Hong":[18,181],"Kong,":[19],"and":[20,41,58,82,102,149,173,225,251,271,289,302,317,326,331,366,383,392,405,445,475,499],"United":[22],"States.":[23],"primary":[25],"investigate":[32],"relationship":[34,51,362,368],"between":[35,52,75],"respondents'":[37,53],"perceptions":[38,54,94,205,286,346],"their":[42,59],"personal":[43,83,99,217,279],"cultural":[44,60,84,100,218,280],"orientation.":[45,61,85],"also":[48,67],"explored":[49],"play's":[56,97,290,375],"importance":[57,376],"Respondents'":[62],"frequency":[63,76,209],"studied":[68],"determine":[70],"whether":[71],"there":[72],"were":[73,117,128,138,143,336],"relationships":[74],"play,":[78,96],"countries":[79,103],"origin,":[81],"Finally,":[86],"considered":[89],"interactive":[91],"effects":[92,284],"importance,":[98],"orientation,":[101],"origin.":[105],"organized":[109],"as":[110,299,408,447],"a":[111,132,194,491],"non-experimental":[112],"research":[113,187,340,488],"design.":[114],"Written":[115],"questionnaires":[116],"distributed":[118],"322":[120],"respondents.":[121,338],"A":[122],"total":[123],"301":[125],"completed":[126],"instruments":[127],"return,":[129],"which":[130],"yielded":[131],"93.4":[133],"%":[134],"response":[135],"rate.":[136],"Data":[137],"collected":[139],"from":[140],"students":[141],"who":[142],"enrolled":[144],"physical":[146],"education,":[147],"recreation":[148],"leisure":[150],"courses":[151],"during":[152,416,429,455],"2010-2011":[154],"academic":[155],"years":[156],"at":[157],"University":[159,168,179],"Northern":[161],"Iowa":[162],"U.S.":[165],"(n=139),":[166],"Zhejiang":[167],"PRC":[171,440],"(n=70),":[172],"Community":[175],"College":[176],"City":[178],"Kong":[182],"HK":[184,399,421],"(n=92).":[185],"instrument":[188],"present":[191],"self-reported":[195],"questionnaire":[196],"that":[197,278,342,423],"divided":[199],"into":[200],"six":[201],"main":[202],"sections:":[203],"(a)":[204,241,308,352,380],"play;":[207,211,215],"(b)":[208,244,320,356,385],"(c)":[212,247,327,361,388],"frequencies":[213],"(d)":[216,253,367,393],"orientation;":[219],"(e)":[220,257],"criteria":[221],"for":[222,231,237,242,245,273,381,386,394,478,486,504],"reaching":[223],"adulthood;":[224],"(f)":[226,261],"demographics.":[227],"Play":[228],"important":[230],"following":[239],"reasons:":[240],"socialization,":[243],"relaxation,":[246],"challenge":[249],"skill":[250],"ability,":[252],"express":[255],"emotion,":[256],"expend":[259],"energy,":[260],"establish":[263,390],"identity,":[264],"(g)":[265],"develop":[267],"mature":[268],"interpersonal":[269],"relationships,":[270],"(h)":[272],"development.":[274],"This":[275,339],"demonstrated":[277],"orientations":[281],"have":[282,462],"significant":[283],"on":[285,311],"importance.":[291],"Moreover,":[292],"more":[293,309],"females":[294],"than":[295,335],"males":[296],"perceived":[297,374,400,441],"creativity,":[300],"expression,":[301],"learning.":[303],"Female":[304],"were:":[307],"focused":[310],"social":[312,403],"status,":[313],"respect,":[314],"wealth,":[315],"rights,":[316],"privileges":[318],"(POW);":[319],"unwilling":[321],"take":[323],"risks":[324],"(RSK);":[325],"tolerant":[328],"ambiguity":[330],"uncertain":[332],"situations":[333],"(AMB)":[334],"male":[337],"found":[341],"identified":[345],"within":[349,377],"four":[350,378],"categories:":[351,379],"intrinsic":[353,357],"goal/outcome":[354,359,364,370],"benefits;":[355,360,365],"non":[358,363,369],"benefits.":[371],"Emerging":[372,396,418],"development":[382],"socialization;":[384],"relaxation;":[387],"identity;":[391],"expression.":[395],"team":[401,442],"sports,":[402,443],"activities,":[404],"card":[406],"games":[407],"most":[410,449],"frequent":[411,450],"activities":[412,425,451],"they":[413,426,452],"engaged":[414,427,453],"play.":[417,456],"indicated":[422],"all":[424],"involved":[431],"other":[432],"people.":[433],"In":[434],"addition,":[435],"entertainment,":[444],"travel":[446],"results":[458],"added":[463],"body":[466],"knowledge":[468],"related":[469],"Chinese":[471,495],"definitions":[472,496],"benefits":[477,501],"adults.":[480],"suggest":[483],"need":[485],"additional":[487],"gain":[490],"greater":[492],"understanding":[493],"different":[508],"countries.":[509]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}