{"id":"https://openalex.org/W93837551","doi":null,"title":"The Effectiveness of Cloze Tests in Measuring the Competence of Students of French in an Academic Setting.","display_name":"The Effectiveness of Cloze Tests in Measuring the Competence of Students of French in an Academic Setting.","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W93837551","mag":"93837551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:93837551","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/389444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160802874","display_name":"The French Review","issn_l":"0016-111X","issn":["0016-111X","2329-7131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800621","host_organization_name":"American Association of Teachers of French","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800621"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association of Teachers of French"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\u0098The \u009cFrench review","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068715083","display_name":"Victor E. Hanzeli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victor E. Hanzeli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068715083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90944882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13152","display_name":"French Language Learning Methods","score":0.8198000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13152","display_name":"French Language Learning Methods","score":0.8198000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.1582999974489212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloze-test","display_name":"cloze test","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/french-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"French as a foreign language","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-assessment","display_name":"language assessment","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communicative-competence","display_name":"communicative competence","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proficiency-assessment","display_name":"proficiency assessment","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiolingual-method","display_name":"audio-lingual method","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-reliability","display_name":"test reliability","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-language-assessment","display_name":"foreign language assessment","score":0.3440000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6483637094497681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780090960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194489","display_name":"Salary","level":2,"score":0.5276614427566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5218266844749451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96659820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566750","display_name":"Communicative language teaching","level":3,"score":0.5061442255973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.502983033657074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166007726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4536542","display_name":"Language assessment","level":2,"score":0.5015044212341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.4994690418243408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.45251017808914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4490507245063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4480644464492798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123960582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455196","display_name":"Language education","level":2,"score":0.4383120536804199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17601614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346205","display_name":"Linguistic competence","level":2,"score":0.42067259550094604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34665554761886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2463376224040985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:93837551","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/389444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160802874","display_name":"The French Review","issn_l":"0016-111X","issn":["0016-111X","2329-7131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800621","host_organization_name":"American Association of Teachers of French","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800621"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association of Teachers of French"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\u0098The \u009cFrench review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102718511","https://openalex.org/W2064093162","https://openalex.org/W2548039836","https://openalex.org/W6948800501","https://openalex.org/W2042741340","https://openalex.org/W4395109045","https://openalex.org/W2997515805","https://openalex.org/W124143327","https://openalex.org/W116540533","https://openalex.org/W2055205975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,6,365],"TEACHER":[1],"S":[2],"CONCEPT":[3],"OF":[4],"WHAT":[5],"LANGUAGE":[7],"IS":[8],"AND":[9],"HOW":[10],"PEOPLE":[11],"LEARN":[12],"IT":[13],"will":[14],"have":[15,189],"a":[16,41,163,202,275,325,331],"direct":[17],"and":[18,52,99,173,187,196,214,217,224,272,302,327,353,357,374],"immediate":[19],"impact":[20],"on":[21,116,205,289,309],"the":[22,35,45,47,107,117,126,241,255,300,306,310,335,346,358,376],"method":[23,56,109],"he":[24],"uses":[25],"to":[26,74,114,125,149,240,253,316,371,375],"teach":[27],"that":[28,34,70,137,209,222,296,305],"language.'":[29],"It":[30,341],"is":[31,50,57,72,78,286,324,369],"equally":[32],"clear":[33],"evolution":[36],"of":[37,86,103,120,128,152,207,244,259,267,330,348,361,367,382],"teaching":[38,62,280],"methods":[39,206],"requires":[40],"similar":[42],"change":[43],"in":[44,92,131,156,180,212,282],"way":[46,113],"learner's":[48],"success":[49],"tested":[51],"measured.":[53],"The":[54,84],"audio-lingual":[55,108],"no":[58],"longer":[59],"dominant:":[60],"language":[61,87,104,121,279],"has":[63,96,110,165,219,238,342],"become":[64],"more":[65,123,245],"eclectic,":[66],"so":[67,69],"much":[68,385],"it":[71,77,82,218],"easier":[73],"say":[75],"what":[76,81],"not,":[79],"than":[80],"is.":[83],"concept":[85],"as":[88,313],"discrete":[89,142,230],"linguistic":[90,257],"items":[91,143,231],"mere":[93],"sequential":[94],"relationships":[95],"been":[97,220],"abandoned":[98],"this":[100],"item-and-arrangement":[101],"theory":[102],"which":[105,248,283],"permeated":[106],"now":[111],"given":[112,179],"emphasis":[115],"meaningful":[118],"use":[119],"and,":[122],"substantially,":[124],"practice":[127],"communicative":[129,154],"acts":[130],"full":[132],"context.":[133],"One":[134],"would":[135],"expect":[136],"earlier":[138],"preoccupation":[139],"with":[140,320],"testing":[141,208,229],"would,":[144],"under":[145],"these":[146,372],"circumstances,":[147],"yield":[148],"integrated":[150],"tests":[151,177,247,295],"global":[153,256],"competence":[155,258],"whatever":[157],"mode,":[158],"spoken":[159,268],"or":[160,264,269],"written.":[161],"Such":[162],"shift":[164],"not":[166],"yet":[167],"taken":[168],"place,":[169],"probably":[170],"for":[171,384],"societal":[172],"pragmatic":[174],"reasons.":[175],"Proficiency":[176],"are":[178,210,226,249],"precise":[181],"social":[182],"settings":[183],"(schools,":[184],"courses,":[185],"classes)":[186],"usually":[188],"specific":[190],"consequences":[191],"(grades,":[192],"placement,":[193],"graduation,":[194],"employment,":[195],"salary":[197],"raises).":[198],"These":[199],"factors":[200],"place":[201],"high":[203,284],"premium":[204],"economical":[211],"administration":[213],"statistically":[215],"reliable,":[216],"found":[221],"economy":[223],"reliability":[225],"enhanced":[227],"by":[228,294],"(morphemes,":[232],"grammar":[233],"points,":[234],"lexical":[235],"items).":[236],"This":[237,323],"led":[239],"partial":[242,301],"eclipse":[243],"traditional":[246],"intuitively":[250],"valid":[251],"procedures":[252],"measure":[254],"students:":[260],"dictation,":[261],"composition":[262],"(oral":[263],"written),":[265],"interpretation":[266],"written":[270],"passages":[271],"translation.":[273],"As":[274],"result,":[276],"many":[277],"foreign":[278],"programs":[281],"value":[285],"being":[287],"placed":[288],"communication,":[290],"continue":[291],"assessing":[292],"progress":[293],"simply":[297],"dip":[298],"into":[299],"superficial":[303],"skills":[304],"students":[307],"develop":[308],"way,":[311],"such":[312],"their":[314,321],"ability":[315],"make":[317],"verbs":[318],"agree":[319],"1":[322],"revised":[326],"expanded":[328],"version":[329],"paper":[332],"read":[333],"at":[334],"1976":[336],"Kentucky":[337],"Foreign":[338],"Language":[339],"Conference.":[340],"since":[343],"benefited":[344],"from":[345],"criticism":[347],"John":[349],"W.":[350],"Oiler,":[351],"Jr.":[352],"J.":[354],"A.":[355],"Upshur,":[356],"statistical":[359],"expertise":[360],"Gerald":[362],"M.":[363],"Gillmore.":[364],"debt":[366],"gratitude":[368],"owed":[370],"colleagues":[373],"Graduate":[377],"School":[378],"Research":[379],"Fund,":[380],"University":[381],"Washington,":[383],"needed":[386],"support.":[387]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}