{"id":"https://openalex.org/W9339141","doi":null,"title":"What are Open Standards? Implications for Adoption, Competition and Policy","display_name":"What are Open Standards? Implications for Adoption, Competition and Policy","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W9339141","mag":"9339141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:9339141","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joel_West/publication/228754235_What_are_Open_Standards_Implications_for_Adoption_Competition_and_Policy/links/55d1f0a308ae2496ee658830.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025895653","display_name":"Joel West","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-5229","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-5229"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joel West","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-5229","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025895653"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7505,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96795028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-standards","display_name":"open standards","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standards-adoption","display_name":"standard adoption","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-policy","display_name":"competition policy","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standards-policy","display_name":"standards policy","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.5299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.8393121361732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.6973686814308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67936045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681263","display_name":"Open standard","level":3,"score":0.6442583203315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4838499128818512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4394637942314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.42440780997276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.392343670129776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3657824993133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33546966314315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.13104945421218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0947132408618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09428015351295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.07129231095314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.07030788064002991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:9339141","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joel_West/publication/228754235_What_are_Open_Standards_Implications_for_Adoption_Competition_and_Policy/links/55d1f0a308ae2496ee658830.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13579072","https://openalex.org/W86773515","https://openalex.org/W137343906","https://openalex.org/W193479587","https://openalex.org/W600208781","https://openalex.org/W1522556911","https://openalex.org/W1534390479","https://openalex.org/W1540641082","https://openalex.org/W1557386506","https://openalex.org/W1580514820","https://openalex.org/W1591781472","https://openalex.org/W1598833883","https://openalex.org/W1964584714","https://openalex.org/W1964987337","https://openalex.org/W1974383781","https://openalex.org/W1978174042","https://openalex.org/W2002045766","https://openalex.org/W2009907839","https://openalex.org/W2021091144","https://openalex.org/W2021638366","https://openalex.org/W2027843521","https://openalex.org/W2050153717","https://openalex.org/W2052088868","https://openalex.org/W2056217764","https://openalex.org/W2066663919","https://openalex.org/W2068119329","https://openalex.org/W2070984734","https://openalex.org/W2078698249","https://openalex.org/W2100800781","https://openalex.org/W2109917777","https://openalex.org/W2112390372","https://openalex.org/W2142257426","https://openalex.org/W2161955748","https://openalex.org/W2166779690","https://openalex.org/W2172169275","https://openalex.org/W2209421179","https://openalex.org/W2500432724","https://openalex.org/W2574441224","https://openalex.org/W2899058469","https://openalex.org/W2913277331","https://openalex.org/W3124867007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124008875","https://openalex.org/W7096469428","https://openalex.org/W2498257466","https://openalex.org/W2905873534","https://openalex.org/W2810021863","https://openalex.org/W641308992","https://openalex.org/W4231768944","https://openalex.org/W2979311301","https://openalex.org/W3189981233","https://openalex.org/W4400046486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0,100],"\u201cOpen\u201d":[1],"product":[2],"compatibility":[3],"standards":[4,19,39],"are":[5,40,47,130],"prized":[6],"as":[7],"an":[8],"ideal":[9],"by":[10],"many":[11],"buyers":[12],"andpolicymakers.":[13],"The":[14],"belief":[15],"is":[16,35,52,125],"that":[17,36,45],"such":[18],"lead":[20],"to":[21,54,122],"superior":[22],"outcomes":[23],"for":[24,86,118],"societalwelfare,":[25],"while":[26],"preventing":[27],"the":[28,69,88],"worst":[29],"abuses":[30],"of":[31,58,81,90,96],"proprietary":[32],"lock-in.The":[33],"reality":[34],"all":[37],"\u201copen\u201d":[38],"not":[41],"created":[42],"equal,":[43],"in":[44,68],"some":[46],"moreopen":[48],"than":[49],"others.":[50],"It":[51],"possible":[53],"discern":[55],"several":[56],"dimensions":[57],"openness,":[59],"and":[60,74,93,108,114,141],"different":[61,66,79],"levelsfor":[62],"each":[63],"dimensions.":[64],"Also,":[65],"participants":[67],"value":[70,78],"chain":[71],"\u2014":[72,76],"customers,complementers":[73],"competitors":[75],"will":[77],"aspects":[80],"openness.This":[82],"paper":[83],"suggests":[84],"measures":[85],"assessing":[87],"openness":[89],"a":[91],"standard,":[92],"possiblepolicy":[94],"applications":[95],"these":[97],"measures.":[98],"Contents":[99],"2Contents":[101],"2Introduction":[102],"3Defining":[103],"Open":[104,119],"Standards":[105,111,113,120],"4Standards,":[106],"Specifications":[107],"Implementations":[109],"5Open":[110],"6Open":[112],"their":[115],"Consequences":[116],"7Metrics":[117],"8Open":[121],"Whom?":[123],"8Why":[124],"it":[126,133],"Open?":[127,135],"11What":[128],"Rights":[129],"Provided?":[131],"16Is":[132],"Really":[134],"21Discussion":[136],"23Policy":[137],"Implications":[138],"23Conclusions":[139],"27Figures":[140],"Tables":[142],"28References":[143],"29":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}