{"id":"https://openalex.org/W92682370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","title":"Raising the Bar: A Social Science Critique of Recent Increases to Passing Scores on the Bar Exam","display_name":"Raising the Bar: A Social Science Critique of Recent Increases to Passing Scores on the Bar Exam","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W92682370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","mag":"92682370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.249794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061181368","display_name":"Deborah Jones Merritt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Jones Merritt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio State University (OSU) - Michael E. Moritz College of Law, 55 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States","Ohio State University (OSU) - Michael E. Moritz College of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University (OSU) - Michael E. Moritz College of Law, 55 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University (OSU) - Michael E. Moritz College of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083720870","display_name":"Lowell L. Hargens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lowell L. Hargens","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington - Sociology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States","University of Washington - Sociology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington - Sociology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington - Sociology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039303599","display_name":"Barbara F. Reskin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara F. Reskin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University - Department of Sociology, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","Harvard University - Department of Sociology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Department of Sociology, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Department of Sociology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061181368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14230","display_name":"Occupational and Professional Licensing Regulation","score":0.04270000010728836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13853","display_name":"Teacher Education and Assessments","score":0.031599998474121094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-in-the-legal-profession","display_name":"diversity in the legal profession","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-education-policy","display_name":"legal education policy","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188721877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103510","display_name":"Bar (unit)","level":2,"score":0.8749306201934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.8092033863067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61122496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124595","display_name":"Bar chart","level":2,"score":0.5302455425262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4538028836250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33511877059936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20077502727508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13098692893981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10405480861663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07359495759010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.249794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kb.osu.edu:1811/101810","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1811/101810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402304","display_name":"The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","host_organization_name":"The Ohio State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.249794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132968059","https://openalex.org/W2139761026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365420878","https://openalex.org/W3137295086","https://openalex.org/W2620146319","https://openalex.org/W1519851578","https://openalex.org/W2980227209","https://openalex.org/W2201914264","https://openalex.org/W1496256025","https://openalex.org/W2270568755","https://openalex.org/W2037718909","https://openalex.org/W3092691365"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
