{"id":"https://openalex.org/W9184639","doi":null,"title":"Targeting Muslims, at Ashcroft's Discretion","display_name":"Targeting Muslims, at Ashcroft's Discretion","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W9184639","mag":"9184639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:epublications.marquette.edu:socs_fac-1014","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/socs_fac/15","pdf_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=socs_fac","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401682","display_name":"e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","host_organization_name":"Marquette University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social and Cultural Sciences Faculty Research and Publications","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=socs_fac","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026077430","display_name":"Louise Cainkar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Louise Cainkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marquette University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marquette University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026077430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97307269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13694","display_name":"Immigration Law and Human Rights","score":0.8661999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13694","display_name":"Immigration Law and Human Rights","score":0.8661999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.0771000012755394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.013700000010430813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/september-11-attacks","display_name":"September 11 attacks","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-policy","display_name":"immigration policy","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-muslims","display_name":"Muslim Americans","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-profiling","display_name":"religious profiling","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-profiling","display_name":"racial profiling","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deportation","display_name":"deportation","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-ashcroft","display_name":"John Ashcroft","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-and-naturalization-service","display_name":"Immigration and Naturalization Service","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-muslim-discrimination","display_name":"anti-Muslim discrimination","score":0.4129999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60961049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379693","display_name":"Deportation","level":3,"score":0.77779620885849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.6763191223144531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.6393722295761108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5872560143470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779392107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841440","display_name":"Naturalization","level":5,"score":0.5598992109298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5143874287605286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776248220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1850662","display_name":"Racial profiling","level":3,"score":0.4465993642807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168902768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468420","display_name":"Foreign national","level":2,"score":0.4404415190219879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61547137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529755","display_name":"Reasonable suspicion","level":3,"score":0.4391896426677704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.43875208497047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29057061672210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780781376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138","display_name":"Citizenship","level":3,"score":0.2731000781059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.20889338850975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.1028728187084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.10091951489448547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200724805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990792","display_name":"Alien","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:epublications.marquette.edu:socs_fac-1014","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/socs_fac/15","pdf_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=socs_fac","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401682","display_name":"e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","host_organization_name":"Marquette University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social and Cultural Sciences Faculty Research and Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:9184639","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=socs_fac","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:epublications.marquette.edu:socs_fac-1014","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/socs_fac/15","pdf_url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=socs_fac","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401682","display_name":"e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","host_organization_name":"Marquette University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social and Cultural Sciences Faculty Research and Publications","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W9184639.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W9184639.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7058697865","https://openalex.org/W2566084720","https://openalex.org/W6988027885","https://openalex.org/W7015650094","https://openalex.org/W7134868168","https://openalex.org/W6987779950","https://openalex.org/W7067736170","https://openalex.org/W2003432181","https://openalex.org/W7039995321","https://openalex.org/W1769608654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"September":[1,121],"11,":[2],"2002,":[3],"the":[4,13,31,36,43,60,97,107,120,165,186,194,202,217,231,257,260,264,272],"Immigration":[5],"and":[6,64,73,84,106,147,150,179,201,207,248],"Naturalization":[7],"Service":[8],"(INS),":[9],"then":[10],"part":[11],"of":[12,15,22,38,45,50,75,141,145,170,199,219,224,236,267,276],"Department":[14],"Justice,":[16],"began":[17],"implementing":[18],"a":[19,142,210,234],"broad":[20],"program":[21,238],"special":[53,135,157],"registration":[54,79,136,158],"for":[25,82],"certain":[26],"non-immigrant":[27],"aliens":[28],"resident":[29],"in":[42],"United":[32],"States":[33],"to":[34,58,93,119,189],"facilitate":[35],"monitoring":[37],"people":[39],"so":[40],"registered":[41],"interest":[44],"national":[46],"security.":[47],"The":[48,222],"body":[49],"rules":[51],"governing":[52],"is":[55,70,159,239],"now":[56],"referred":[57],"as":[59,233],"National":[61],"Security":[62],"Entry":[63],"Exit":[65],"Registry":[66],"System":[67],"(NSEERS).":[68],"Registration":[69],"mandatory.":[71],"Non-compliance":[72],"lack":[74],"truthful":[76],"disclosure":[77],"upon":[78,95],"are":[80,124,197,216],"grounds":[81],"deportation,":[83],"Attorney":[85],"General":[86],"John":[87],"Ashcroft":[88,105,242],"declared":[89],"that":[90,113],"those":[91,183],"failing":[92],"register":[94],"exiting":[96],"US":[98,195,232,258],"can":[99],"be":[100,228],"barred":[101],"from":[102,152,230,256],"subsequent":[103,118],"re-entry.":[104],"INS":[108,167],"have":[109],"repeatedly":[110],"assured":[111],"audiences":[112],"changes":[114],"immigration":[116],"procedures":[117],"11":[122],"attacks":[123],"not":[125],"based":[126],"on":[127],"racial":[128],"or":[129],"religious":[130],"profiling.":[131],"But":[132],"practice,":[134],"has":[137,174,243],"been":[138],"nothing":[139],"short":[140],"massive":[143],"roundup":[144],"out-of-status":[146],"visiting":[148],"Arabs":[149,206,247],"Asians":[151],"predominantly":[153],"Muslim":[154],"countries.":[155],"While":[156],"much":[160],"larger":[161],"scope":[163],"than":[164,182,263],"infamous":[166,273],"workplace":[168],"raids":[169,275],"late":[171],"2001,":[172],"it":[173],"evoked":[175],"far":[176],"less":[177],"public":[178],"institutional":[180],"protest":[181],"actions.":[184],"Of":[185],"estimated":[187],"3.2":[188],"3.6":[190],"million":[191,204],"persons":[192,225],"who":[196,226],"out":[198],"status,":[200],"8":[203],"undocumented,":[205],"Muslims":[208,249],"constitute":[209],"very":[211],"small":[212],"proportion,":[213],"yet":[214],"they":[215],"target":[218],"this":[220,237],"initiative.":[221],"number":[223,266],"will":[227],"removed":[245],"result":[235],"unknown,":[240],"but":[241],"already":[244],"more":[246],"(who":[250],"were":[251],"neither":[252],"terrorists":[253],"nor":[254],"criminals)":[255],"past":[261],"year":[262],"total":[265],"foreign":[268],"nationals":[269],"deported":[270],"Palmer":[274],"1919.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-03T10:48:47.769340","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}