{"id":"https://openalex.org/W91713665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.4.417","title":"Sex reassignment surgery: historical, bioethical, and theoretical issues","display_name":"Sex reassignment surgery: historical, bioethical, and theoretical issues","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W91713665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.4.417","mag":"91713665","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7065286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1176/ajp.139.4.417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.4.417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.4.417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044673586","display_name":"Leslie M. Lothstein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L M Lothstein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044673586"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2034,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95684227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"139","issue":"4","first_page":"417","last_page":"426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10156","display_name":"LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10156","display_name":"LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11956","display_name":"Sexual Differentiation and Disorders","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12663","display_name":"Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-affirming-surgery","display_name":"gender-affirming surgery","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-dysphoria","display_name":"gender dysphoria","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transsexualism","display_name":"transsexualism","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioethics","display_name":"bioethics","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-success-rate","display_name":"surgical success rate","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-follow-up","display_name":"long-term follow-up","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapy","display_name":"psychotherapy","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-selection","display_name":"patient selection","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-factors","display_name":"predictive factors","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.8658269643783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188084074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194294","display_name":"Bioethics","level":2,"score":0.5541884303092957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46973809599876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173853756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q86915","display_name":"Dialog box","level":2,"score":0.4683394432067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.42079389095306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41629090905189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.40537288784980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23793631792068481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.195430725812912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12853026390075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11931782960891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11027136445045471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004992","descriptor_name":"Ethics, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005783","descriptor_name":"Gender Identity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007062","descriptor_name":"Identification, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011379","descriptor_name":"Prognosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011618","descriptor_name":"Psychotic Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012565","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenic Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012917","descriptor_name":"Social Adjustment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014189","descriptor_name":"Transsexualism","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014189","descriptor_name":"Transsexualism","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1176/ajp.139.4.417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.4.417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.4.417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7065286","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7065286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of psychiatry","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/793725","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/793725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:41270","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566303342","https://openalex.org/W1733651289","https://openalex.org/W1974706024","https://openalex.org/W1981428713","https://openalex.org/W1989567724","https://openalex.org/W2005899392","https://openalex.org/W2011494068","https://openalex.org/W2011919302","https://openalex.org/W2018007913","https://openalex.org/W2019228925","https://openalex.org/W2021934584","https://openalex.org/W2030128257","https://openalex.org/W2033510945","https://openalex.org/W2035295088","https://openalex.org/W2037192605","https://openalex.org/W2044114712","https://openalex.org/W2047354498","https://openalex.org/W2057892232","https://openalex.org/W2066426024","https://openalex.org/W2067358802","https://openalex.org/W2086806047","https://openalex.org/W2090514959","https://openalex.org/W2092153249","https://openalex.org/W2167512722","https://openalex.org/W2313259231","https://openalex.org/W2314858371","https://openalex.org/W2328505523","https://openalex.org/W2331650549","https://openalex.org/W2399163284","https://openalex.org/W2408825837","https://openalex.org/W2415186389","https://openalex.org/W2572156979","https://openalex.org/W2802508550","https://openalex.org/W4253311540","https://openalex.org/W4300925734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021922376","https://openalex.org/W2101313877","https://openalex.org/W2467465805","https://openalex.org/W2027492805","https://openalex.org/W2892998912","https://openalex.org/W1988171477","https://openalex.org/W2061587440","https://openalex.org/W2058949478","https://openalex.org/W2409333410","https://openalex.org/W2077309190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"reported":[1],"68%-86%":[2],"overall":[3],"success":[4],"rates":[5],"for":[6,65,101,105],"sex":[7,36,86,106],"reassignment":[8,37,55,87,107],"surgery":[9,56,88,108],"must":[10],"be":[11,59,90,110],"viewed":[12],"cautiously;":[13],"the":[14,62],"lack":[15],"of":[16,52,70],"long-term":[17],"follow-up":[18],"studies":[19],"makes":[20],"these":[21],"statistics":[22],"misleading.":[23],"There":[24],"is":[25],"evidence":[26],"suggesting":[27],"that":[28],"some":[29],"gender":[30,72],"dysphoric":[31,73],"patients":[32,104],"benefit":[33,48],"primarily":[34],"from":[35,49],"surgery.":[38],"Most":[39],"such":[40],"patients,":[41],"however,":[42],"are":[43],"secondary":[44],"transsexuals":[45],"who":[46],"can":[47],"various":[50],"modes":[51],"psychotherapy.":[53],"Sex":[54],"should":[57],"only":[58],"considered":[60],"as":[61,92],"last":[63],"resort":[64],"a":[66,93],"highly":[67],"select":[68],"group":[69],"diagnosed":[71],"patients.":[74],"As":[75],"physicians":[76],"learn":[77],"new":[78,98],"ways":[79],"to":[80],"diagnose":[81],"and":[82],"treat":[83],"transsexualism,":[84],"either":[85],"will":[89,109],"abandoned":[91],"routine":[94],"treatment":[95],"modality":[96],"or":[97],"predictive":[99],"variables":[100],"choosing":[102],"suitable":[103],"established.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}