{"id":"https://openalex.org/W90706115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15049j","title":"Racial Variation in the Proximal and Distal Femur: Heritability and Forensic Utility","display_name":"Racial Variation in the Proximal and Distal Femur: Heritability and Forensic Utility","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W90706115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15049j","mag":"90706115","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11451058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1520/jfs15049j","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15049j","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15049j","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62072220","display_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"0022-1198","issn":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042998376","display_name":"George W. Gill","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12834331","display_name":"University of Wyoming","ror":"https://ror.org/01485tq96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"GW Gill","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wyoming 1 Department of Anthropology, , P.O. Box 3431, Laramie, WY82071-3431 ","Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, P.O. Box 3431, Laramie, WY 82071-3431, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wyoming 1 Department of Anthropology, , P.O. Box 3431, Laramie, WY82071-3431 ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, P.O. Box 3431, Laramie, WY 82071-3431, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042998376"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"],"apc_list":{"value":4330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4330},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.0159,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.975109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"4","first_page":"791","last_page":"799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proximal-femur","display_name":"proximal femur","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distal-femur","display_name":"distal femur","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-variation","display_name":"racial variation","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heritability","display_name":"heritability","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-anthropology","display_name":"forensic anthropology","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-identification","display_name":"sex identification","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancestry-estimation","display_name":"ancestry estimation","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/femoral-head-diameter","display_name":"femoral head diameter","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bicondylar-width","display_name":"bicondylar width","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/femoral-torsion","display_name":"femoral torsion","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/admixed-ancestry","display_name":"admixed ancestry","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-asian-populations","display_name":"East Asian populations","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-indian-populations","display_name":"American Indian populations","score":0.6729999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176503","display_name":"Femur","level":2,"score":0.6806962490081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5993406176567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176979668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28065","display_name":"Forensic anthropology","level":2,"score":0.4905838072299957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161890455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503548","display_name":"Heritability","level":2,"score":0.4783439338207245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3811453580856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.33734405040740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3290640115737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.2437572181224823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2195526659488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.11710846424102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0726979672908783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005269","descriptor_name":"Femur","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018732","descriptor_name":"Forensic Anthropology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1520/jfs15049j","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15049j","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs15049j","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62072220","display_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"0022-1198","issn":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11451058","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11451058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of forensic sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W238175582","https://openalex.org/W601034163","https://openalex.org/W817570256","https://openalex.org/W1499796296","https://openalex.org/W1975075234","https://openalex.org/W2054383104","https://openalex.org/W2170037661","https://openalex.org/W2470193931","https://openalex.org/W2754266125","https://openalex.org/W4246117510","https://openalex.org/W4251752949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083779681","https://openalex.org/W2076720739","https://openalex.org/W1986677624","https://openalex.org/W2156376204","https://openalex.org/W2230684383","https://openalex.org/W2944343818","https://openalex.org/W4413113166","https://openalex.org/W4225127427","https://openalex.org/W4396669145","https://openalex.org/W7118525855"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"femur":[1,66,85,231],"has":[2,149],"been":[3,22],"studied":[4],"successfully":[5],"by":[6,48],"physical":[7],"anthropologists":[8,32],"for":[9],"many":[10],"years.":[11],"Such":[12,218],"traits":[13,234],"as":[14,112],"femoral":[15],"head":[16],"diameter":[17,81],"and":[18,25,33,51,67,91,97,135,160,206,229],"bicondylar":[19],"width":[20],"have":[21,55,101,183],"examined":[23,184],"extensively":[24],"are":[26,178,190,203],"of":[27,42,63,73,82,141,143,153,208,220,226],"great":[28],"value":[29],"to":[30,131,170,193],"forensic":[31,241],"other":[34,201],"skeletal":[35],"biologists":[36],"in":[37,60,68,138,155,223,237,240],"sex":[38,185],"identification.":[39],"A":[40],"number":[41],"studies":[43,182],"over":[44],"the":[45,49,61,64,74,83,117,126,132,139,144,151,168,171,200,214,224,227],"past":[46],"decade":[47],"author":[50],"his":[52],"former":[53],"students":[54],"shown":[56],"marked":[57],"racial":[58,120],"differences":[59,186],"shape":[62,225],"proximal":[65,84,145,228],"at":[69],"least":[70],"one":[71],"trait":[72],"distal":[75,230],"femur--intercondylar":[76],"notch":[77,105],"height.":[78],"Anterior-posterior":[79],"(AP)":[80],"is":[86],"much":[87],"greater":[88,103],"among":[89,94],"Whites":[90],"Blacks":[92,100],"than":[93,107],"East":[95,127,136],"Asians":[96,137],"American":[98,133],"Indians.":[99],"slightly":[102],"intercondylar":[104],"height":[106],"Whites.":[108],"Other":[109],"features,":[110],"such":[111],"torsion,":[113],"also":[114,191],"differ":[115],"between":[116,213],"major":[118,165],"geographic":[119],"populations.":[121,217],"Current":[122],"analysis":[123],"suggests":[124],"that":[125],"Polynesians":[128],"fall":[129,211],"close":[130],"Indians":[134],"degree":[140,152],"flatness":[142,156],"femur.":[146],"One":[147],"study":[148],"tracked":[150],"change":[154,163],"during":[157],"individual":[158],"development,":[159],"finds":[161],"little":[162],"within":[164,176,187],"populations":[166,177],"from":[167],"youngest":[169],"oldest":[172],"individuals.":[173],"Temporal":[174],"changes":[175],"likewise":[179],"minimal.":[180],"Two":[181],"populations,":[188],"which":[189],"found":[192],"be":[194],"very":[195,235],"slight.":[196],"Racial":[197],"differences,":[198],"on":[199],"hand,":[202],"quite":[204],"significant,":[205],"individuals":[207],"admixed":[209],"ancestry":[210,239],"intermediate":[212],"two":[215],"parental":[216],"suggestions":[219],"high":[221],"heritability":[222],"make":[232],"these":[233],"useful":[236],"assessing":[238],"contexts.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}