{"id":"https://openalex.org/W90644333","doi":null,"title":"Why the Black Kids Sit Together at the Stairs: The Role of Identity-Affirming Counter-Spaces in a Predominantly White High School","display_name":"Why the Black Kids Sit Together at the Stairs: The Role of Identity-Affirming Counter-Spaces in a Predominantly White High School","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W90644333","mag":"90644333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:90644333","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ897046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91843068","display_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","issn_l":"0022-2984","issn":["0022-2984","2167-6437"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315754","host_organization_name":"Howard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Howard University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064970639","display_name":"Dorinda J. Carter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dorinda J. Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064970639"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":114,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02219262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"76","issue":"4","first_page":"542","last_page":"554"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-students","display_name":"Black students","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predominantly-white-schools","display_name":"predominantly white schools","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-achieving-students","display_name":"high-achieving students","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-identity","display_name":"racial identity","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism-in-schools","display_name":"racism in schools","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safe-spaces","display_name":"safe spaces","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance-strategies","display_name":"resistance strategies","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-success","display_name":"school success","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackness","display_name":"Blackness","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-secondary-schools","display_name":"public secondary schools","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-climate","display_name":"school climate","score":0.3149999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.6127001047134399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.6025986075401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.5386391282081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4911467730998993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4600536525249481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.4195418357849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775905979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186753","display_name":"Critical race theory","level":3,"score":0.4167152941226959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3915752172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:90644333","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ897046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91843068","display_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","issn_l":"0022-2984","issn":["0022-2984","2167-6437"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315754","host_organization_name":"Howard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Howard University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122819968","https://openalex.org/W146383157","https://openalex.org/W1483851234","https://openalex.org/W1530604260","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1571436384","https://openalex.org/W1607582521","https://openalex.org/W1658908529","https://openalex.org/W1684809301","https://openalex.org/W1778277763","https://openalex.org/W1963010559","https://openalex.org/W1990754654","https://openalex.org/W1996282372","https://openalex.org/W1999824182","https://openalex.org/W2043537080","https://openalex.org/W2048522257","https://openalex.org/W2088593954","https://openalex.org/W2331766985","https://openalex.org/W2913775853","https://openalex.org/W3040797857","https://openalex.org/W4233188495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088593954","https://openalex.org/W6997420278","https://openalex.org/W2088610710","https://openalex.org/W2022474078","https://openalex.org/W2141082104","https://openalex.org/W2786143125","https://openalex.org/W7098774300","https://openalex.org/W7096950131","https://openalex.org/W57119736","https://openalex.org/W1999088625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"studies":[1,156,213],"provide":[2,157,223],"evidence":[3,158],"for":[4,31,103,139,159,278,312,446,541],"the":[5,42,87,91,128,160,237,332,390,396,427,447,459,480,492,544,561,576],"strong":[6,112,161],"influences":[7,30,165,204],"of":[8,93,115,120,130,166,242,340,429,461,485,546,575],"same-race":[9,63,167,232,275,326,606],"peer":[10,64,168,233,276,327,367],"networks":[11,65,169,234,277,328,368],"on":[12,80,170,415],"Black":[13,32,48,140,171,244,279,344,391,406,440,486,566,587],"student":[14,172],"achievement":[15,173],"and":[16,21,58,61,74,106,146,163,174,219,229,239,267,273,309,324,329,413,593,599,613],"racial":[17,77,113,175,317,462,524,594,614],"identity":[18,176,595],"in":[19,34,50,66,117,134,177,205,215,246,281,352,371,384,395,401,436,458,464,479,491,520,530,543,563,572,601],"private":[20,218],"elite":[22,220],"schools;":[23],"however,":[24,198],"research":[25,199],"is":[26,200,478,526,548],"lacking":[27,201],"regarding":[28,202],"these":[29,94,104,203,305,583,602],"achievers":[33],"predominantly":[35,52,135,206,216,248,283,354],"White":[36,53,136,207,217,249,284,355,420],"public":[37,54,208],"schools.":[38,209],"In":[39],"this":[40,125,382,475,556,570],"article,":[41],"author":[43,88],"examines":[44],"how":[45,90,231],"nine":[46],"high-achieving":[47,243],"students":[49,105,141,245,280,345,441,567,588],"a":[51,83,99,111,282,353,376,468,483,527,549],"high":[55],"school":[56,68,121,286,333,377,404,495,577],"created":[57,310],"used":[59],"informal":[60,274],"formal":[62,272],"their":[67,76,118,290,316,416,419,591],"to":[69,109,142,227,292,314,335,346,434,443,498,512,517,532],"buffer":[70],"experiences":[71,151,592,612],"with":[72,152,348,538],"racism":[73,412],"affirm":[75,315],"identity.":[78],"Drawing":[79],"data":[81],"from":[82,124,150,212],"yearlong":[84],"qualitative":[85],"investigation,":[86],"discusses":[89],"use":[92],"identity-affirming":[95],"counter-spaces":[96],"serve":[97],"as":[98,300],"positive":[100,162,550],"resistance":[101],"strategy":[102],"allows":[107,342],"them":[108,313],"maintain":[110],"sense":[114],"self":[116],"maintenance":[119],"success.":[122],"Findings":[123],"study":[126],"reinforce":[127],"importance":[129],"having":[131],"safe":[132],"spaces":[133,330,374,584],"learning":[137,356],"environments":[138],"escape":[143],"psychological,":[144],"emotional,":[145],"physical":[147,373,465,476,557],"stress":[148,547],"stemming":[149],"racism.":[153,536],"INTRODUCTION":[154],"Several":[155],"negative":[164],"schools":[178],"(Cookson":[179,252],"&":[180,186,195,253,257,261,619,623],"Perseli,":[181],"1991;":[182,184,255],"Fine,":[183],"Fordham":[185],"Ogbu,":[187],"1986;":[188],"Fries-Britt,":[189],"1998;":[190],"MacLeod,":[191],"1987;":[192],"Mehan,":[193],"Hubbard,":[194],"Villanueva,":[196],"1994);":[197],"Nonetheless,":[210],"findings":[211,320],"conducted":[214],"schooling":[221,250],"contexts":[222,251,603],"lenses":[224],"through":[225],"which":[226],"analyze":[228],"understand":[230,518],"positively":[235],"influence":[236],"behaviors":[238],"adaptation":[240],"patterns":[241],"other":[247,605],"Persell,":[254],"Datnow":[256,266],"Cooper,":[258],"1997;":[259],"Zweigenhaft":[260],"Domhoff,":[262],"1991).":[263],"For":[264],"example,":[265],"Cooper":[268],"(1996)":[269],"posited":[270],"that":[271,322,400,451,473,519,590],"independent":[285],"not":[287,409,426,500],"only":[288,410,501],"facilitated":[289],"adjustment":[291],"an":[293,533],"environment":[294,334],"where":[295,604],"they":[296,350,424,452,503],"were":[297],"often":[298,369,474,608],"seen":[299],"outsiders,":[301],"but":[302,418,507],"also":[303,432],"supported":[304],"students'":[306],"academic":[307],"success":[308],"opportunities":[311],"identities.":[318],"Such":[319],"indicate":[321],"creating":[323],"using":[325],"within":[331,375,467],"freely":[336],"enact":[337],"one's":[338,539],"construction":[339],"Blackness":[341],"some":[343,564],"cope":[347],"negativity":[349],"experience":[351],"environment.":[357,378,578],"THE":[358,363],"DEVELOPMENT":[359],"OF":[360],"COUNTER-SPACES":[361],"IN":[362],"SCHOOL":[364],"CONTEXT":[365],"Same-race":[366],"gather":[370],"specific":[372],"Tatum":[379,398],"(1997)":[380,471],"described":[381],"phenomenon":[383],"her":[385],"book":[386],"Why":[387],"Are":[388],"All":[389],"Kids":[392],"Sitting":[393],"Together":[394],"Cafeteria?":[397],"explained":[399,472],"racially":[402,521],"desegregated":[403],"contexts,":[405],"adolescents":[407],"are":[408,425,431,453,488,504],"encountering":[411],"reflecting":[414],"identity,":[417],"peers,":[421],"even":[422],"when":[423],"perpetrators":[428],"racism,":[430],"unprepared":[433],"respond":[435],"supportive":[437],"ways.":[438],"Thus,":[439],"turn":[442],"one":[444],"another":[445],"much":[448],"needed":[449],"support":[450,456,542],"seeking.":[454],"This":[455],"comes":[457],"form":[460],"clustering":[463],"areas":[466],"school.":[469],"Tarum":[470],"space":[477,558,571],"cafeteria:":[481],"When":[482],"group":[484],"teens":[487],"sitting":[489,505],"together":[490],"cafeteria":[493,562],"...":[494],"administrators":[496],"want":[497],"know":[499],"why":[502],"together,":[506],"what":[508],"can":[509,596],"be":[510,560,597],"done":[511],"prevent":[513],"it.":[514],"We":[515],"need":[516],"mixed":[522],"settings,":[523],"grouping":[525],"developmental":[528],"process":[529],"response":[531],"environmental":[534],"stressor,":[535],"Joining":[537],"peers":[540,607],"face":[545],"coping":[551],"strategy,":[552],"(p.":[553],"62)":[554],"While":[555],"might":[559,568],"schools,":[565],"establish":[569],"any":[573],"area":[574],"Some":[579],"researchers":[580],"have":[581],"termed":[582],"counter-spaces,":[585],"because":[586],"feel":[589],"affirmed":[598],"validated":[600],"share":[609],"similar":[610],"life":[611],"affinity":[615],"(see":[616],"Solorzano,":[617],"Ceja,":[618],"Yosso,":[620],"2000;":[621],"Solorzano":[622],"Villalpando,":[624],"1998).":[625],"\u2026":[626]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}