{"id":"https://openalex.org/W90529267","doi":null,"title":"Bone structure and function.","display_name":"Bone structure and function.","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W90529267","mag":"90529267","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3325555"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:3325555","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3325555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Instructional course lectures","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064323409","display_name":"Joseph A. Buckwalter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-7583","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-7583"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J A Buckwalter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029742012","display_name":"Reginald R. Cooper","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R R Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":163,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66085065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":null,"first_page":"27","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11219","display_name":"Bone Metabolism and Diseases","score":0.8213000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11219","display_name":"Bone Metabolism and Diseases","score":0.8213000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.16189999878406525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10975","display_name":"Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-structure","display_name":"bone structure","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-function","display_name":"bone function","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trabecular-bone","display_name":"trabecular bone","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortical-bone","display_name":"cortical bone","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/periosteum","display_name":"periosteum","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-blood-supply","display_name":"bone blood supply","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-matrix","display_name":"bone matrix","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-i-collagen","display_name":"type I collagen","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroxyapatite","display_name":"hydroxyapatite","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoblasts","display_name":"osteoblasts","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteocytes","display_name":"osteocytes","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoclasts","display_name":"osteoclasts","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoprogenitor-cells","display_name":"osteoprogenitor cells","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-remodeling","display_name":"bone remodeling","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-modeling","display_name":"bone modeling","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-remodeling","display_name":"adaptive remodeling","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-resorption","display_name":"bone resorption","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-deposition","display_name":"bone deposition","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonunion","display_name":"nonunion","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delayed-union","display_name":"delayed union","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletal-reconstruction","display_name":"skeletal reconstruction","score":0.5759999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133605539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913236","display_name":"Bone cell","level":2,"score":0.7019814848899841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776350087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265868","display_name":"Cancellous bone","level":2,"score":0.6777437925338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780973866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913236","display_name":"Osteocyte","level":4,"score":0.5589357614517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.5454209446907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5280379056930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781451080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265868","display_name":"Cortical bone","level":2,"score":0.5155246257781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4919898211956024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8337478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777289","display_name":"Bone healing","level":2,"score":0.4411291182041168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778606738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265868","display_name":"Bone tissue","level":2,"score":0.43510955572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170033053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q952019","display_name":"Bone remodeling","level":2,"score":0.4166853725910187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778260815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917177","display_name":"Osteoblast","level":3,"score":0.4016438126564026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3701618015766144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.29193878173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19809475541114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0976974368095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08475592732429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.07490646839141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001842","descriptor_name":"Bone and Bones","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001842","descriptor_name":"Bone and Bones","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001842","descriptor_name":"Bone and Bones","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001846","descriptor_name":"Bone Development","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001857","descriptor_name":"Bone Matrix","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006253","descriptor_name":"Haversian System","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008854","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Electron","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010006","descriptor_name":"Osteoblasts","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010010","descriptor_name":"Osteoclasts","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010011","descriptor_name":"Osteocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010011","descriptor_name":"Osteocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010012","descriptor_name":"Osteogenesis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010521","descriptor_name":"Periosteum","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:3325555","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3325555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Instructional course lectures","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:90529267","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3325555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248198017","https://openalex.org/W4401549171","https://openalex.org/W7100692013","https://openalex.org/W3019534561","https://openalex.org/W2077696261","https://openalex.org/W4231441804","https://openalex.org/W2414356787","https://openalex.org/W4302420272","https://openalex.org/W7098770704","https://openalex.org/W2504418855"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bone":[0,243],"is":[1,332],"a":[2,41,50,113,141,236,271],"complex,":[3],"living,":[4],"constantly":[5],"changing":[6],"tissue.":[7,132],"The":[8,26,80,105,165,255,365],"architecture":[9],"and":[10,14,49,63,72,77,103,110,181,200,216,222,249,260,268,278,283,295,341,347,380],"composition":[11],"of":[12,53,61,65,97,100,108,120,123,130,144,195,208,257,265,270,297,321,335,349,355,358,367,378,387,393],"cancellous":[13,38],"cortical":[15,28,106],"bone":[16,29,39,62,90,107,155,166,196,209,258,266,293,298,302,337,359,371,389],"allow":[17],"the":[18,58,92,98,128,131,147,306,322,333,336,344,356],"skeleton":[19],"to":[20,33,191,316,338,375,391],"perform":[21],"its":[22,325],"essential":[23],"mechanical":[24],"functions.":[25],"stiffer":[27],"responds":[30],"more":[31,75,158],"slowly":[32],"changes":[34],"in":[35,136,304],"loads":[36,340],"while":[37,91,229],"has":[40,112,168,362,373],"much":[42],"larger":[43],"surface":[44,60],"area":[45],"per":[46],"unit":[47],"volume":[48],"greater":[51],"rate":[52],"metabolic":[54],"activity.":[55],"Periosteum":[56],"covers":[57],"external":[59],"consists":[64,296],"two":[66],"layers:":[67],"an":[68,73,169,182],"outer":[69,93],"fibrous":[70],"layer":[71,83,86,94],"inner":[74,81],"cellular":[76],"vascular":[78],"layer.":[79],"osteogenic":[82],"or":[84,162],"cambium":[85],"can":[87],"form":[88,231],"new":[89,272,376],"forms":[95],"part":[96],"insertions":[99],"tendons,":[101],"ligaments":[102],"muscles.":[104],"diaphyses":[109],"metaphyses":[111],"dual":[114],"blood":[115,145],"supply":[116],"that":[117],"allows":[118],"loss":[119],"one":[121],"source":[122,143],"circulation":[124],"without":[125],"adversely":[126],"affecting":[127],"viability":[129],"Many":[133],"epiphyses,":[134],"even":[135],"adults,":[137],"depend":[138],"only":[139],"on":[140,212,370],"single":[142],"supply,":[146],"penetrating":[148],"epiphyseal":[149,154],"vessels.":[150],"For":[151],"this":[152,202],"reason":[153],"may":[156,342],"infarct":[157],"easily":[159],"than":[160],"metaphyseal":[161],"diaphyseal":[163],"bone.":[164,350],"matrix":[167,244,267,273],"organic":[170],"component,":[171,184],"primarily":[172,185],"type":[173],"I":[174],"collagen,":[175],"which":[176,187],"gives":[177,188],"it":[178,189,310,314],"tensile":[179],"strength":[180],"inorganic":[183],"hydroxyapatite,":[186],"stiffness":[190],"compression.":[192],"Specialized":[193],"populations":[194],"cells":[197,210,228],"form,":[198],"maintain":[199],"remodel":[201],"matrix.":[203],"We":[204],"recognize":[205],"four":[206],"types":[207],"based":[211],"their":[213,251],"locations,":[214],"morphology":[215],"functions:":[217],"osteoprogenitor":[218],"cells,":[219],"osteoblasts,":[220],"osteocytes":[221,230],"osteoclasts.":[223,254],"Osteoblasts":[224],"develop":[225],"from":[226,232],"undifferentiated":[227],"osteoblasts.":[233,275],"Osteoclasts":[234],"have":[235,384],"separate":[237],"stem":[238],"cell":[239,360],"line,":[240],"blood-borne":[241],"monocytes.":[242],"apparently":[245],"attracts":[246],"these":[247],"monocytes":[248],"stimulates":[250],"differentiation":[252],"into":[253],"processes":[256],"modeling":[259],"remodeling":[261,289,331],"require":[262],"osteoclastic":[263],"resorption":[264,299],"deposition":[269,303],"by":[274,301],"Modeling":[276],"shapes":[277],"reshapes":[279],"bones":[280],"during":[281],"growth":[282],"stops":[284],"at":[285],"skeletal":[286,394],"maturity.":[287],"Physiologic":[288],"does":[290],"not":[291],"change":[292],"shape":[294,348],"followed":[300],"approximately":[305],"same":[307],"location.":[308],"Since":[309],"continues":[311],"throughout":[312],"life":[313],"appears":[315],"be":[317],"important":[318],"for":[319],"maintenance":[320],"skeleton,":[323],"but":[324],"exact":[326],"function":[327,361],"remains":[328],"obscure.":[329],"Adaptive":[330],"response":[334],"altered":[339],"alter":[343],"strength,":[345],"density":[346],"In":[351],"recent":[352],"years":[353],"understanding":[354,386],"control":[357],"increased":[363],"significantly.":[364],"study":[366],"electrical":[368],"effects":[369],"formation":[372,390],"lead":[374],"treatments":[377],"nonunions":[379],"delayed":[381],"unions.":[382],"Physicians":[383],"applied":[385],"matrix-induced":[388],"reconstruction":[392],"defects.(ABSTRACT":[395],"TRUNCATED":[396],"AT":[397],"400":[398],"WORDS)":[399]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
