{"id":"https://openalex.org/W9014458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2346806","title":"Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Observer Error-Rates Using the EM Algorithm","display_name":"Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Observer Error-Rates Using the EM Algorithm","publication_year":1979,"publication_date":"1979-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W9014458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2346806","mag":"9014458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2346806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2346806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2346806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764642956","display_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics)","issn_l":"0035-9254","issn":["0035-9254","1467-9876"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043062426","display_name":"A. P. Dawid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-6882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-6882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. P. Dawid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University college London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University college London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110137199","display_name":"Alan M. Skene","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. M. Skene","raw_affiliation_strings":["University college London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University college London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":2621,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3456},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0509,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1649,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89615105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"20","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood-estimation","display_name":"maximum likelihood estimation","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation-maximization-algorithm","display_name":"expectation-maximization algorithm","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-modeling","display_name":"latent variable models","score":0.5099999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.6998024582862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5440382957458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5303384065628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5099045038223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4966176152229309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191462741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795902","display_name":"Maximum likelihood sequence estimation","level":3,"score":0.47054654359817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4298703670501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08844837546348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2346806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2346806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2346806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764642956","display_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics)","issn_l":"0035-9254","issn":["0035-9254","1467-9876"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.469.1377","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.469.1377","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~jeromew/comp766/samples/Output_aggregation.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965000394","https://openalex.org/W2115881827","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2554987453","https://openalex.org/W4254819336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3129711340","https://openalex.org/W2495219252","https://openalex.org/W3030796815","https://openalex.org/W4252700655","https://openalex.org/W4247393632","https://openalex.org/W2312791676","https://openalex.org/W7100681072","https://openalex.org/W2605671106","https://openalex.org/W3166113912","https://openalex.org/W96823886"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A.":[0,3],"P.":[1],"Dawid,":[2],"M.":[4],"Skene,":[5],"Maximum":[6],"Likelihood":[7],"Estimation":[8],"of":[9,17],"Observer":[10],"Error-Rates":[11],"Using":[12],"the":[13,18],"EM":[14],"Algorithm,":[15],"Journal":[16],"Royal":[19],"Statistical":[20],"Society.":[21],"Series":[22],"C":[23],"(Applied":[24],"Statistics),":[25],"Vol.":[26],"28,":[27],"No.":[28],"1":[29],"(1979),":[30],"pp.":[31],"20-28":[32]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":113},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":132},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":157},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":160},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":111},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":104},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":46}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}