{"id":"https://openalex.org/W90133770","doi":null,"title":"Humans perform semi-supervised classification too","display_name":"Humans perform semi-supervised classification too","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W90133770","mag":"90133770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.106.9448","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.106.9448","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~jerryzhu/pub/humanSSL.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103428074","display_name":"Xiaojin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1827-2143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1827-2143"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020840610","display_name":"Timothy Thomas Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6304-755X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6304-755X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3433-3247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy T. Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024892229","display_name":"Ruichen Qian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruichen Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091571615","display_name":"Charles W. Kalish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-000X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4463-000X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles W. Kalish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1291,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94884467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"864","last_page":"869"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.8330000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.8330000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.11259999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.01730000041425228,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-classification","display_name":"semi-supervised classification","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-learning","display_name":"human learning","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"categorization","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unlabeled-data","display_name":"unlabeled data","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-mixture-model","display_name":"Gaussian mixture model","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-boundaries","display_name":"decision boundaries","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bimodal-distribution","display_name":"bimodal distribution","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-categorization","display_name":"visual categorization","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.9146613478660583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6809803247451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5984675884246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5970942974090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.550462007522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5237476825714111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5036203265190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4684963822364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4565105736255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48164120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4491893","display_name":"Concept learning","level":2,"score":0.44173485040664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.42646434903144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4190725088119507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.41452664136886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3339744210243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.114927738904953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06740498542785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.106.9448","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.106.9448","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~jerryzhu/pub/humanSSL.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.331.7802","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.331.7802","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/2007/AAAI07-137.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:90133770","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~jerryzhu/pub/humanSSL.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306420577","display_name":"National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6000000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1504619461","https://openalex.org/W1558805185","https://openalex.org/W2016429292","https://openalex.org/W2045213847","https://openalex.org/W2045656233","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2092873805","https://openalex.org/W2094414211","https://openalex.org/W2097089247","https://openalex.org/W2131775048","https://openalex.org/W2134305700","https://openalex.org/W2136504847","https://openalex.org/W2141270723","https://openalex.org/W2154794763","https://openalex.org/W2158485347","https://openalex.org/W2164685910","https://openalex.org/W2170569305","https://openalex.org/W2766324327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120848709","https://openalex.org/W2400043749","https://openalex.org/W413569790","https://openalex.org/W7098774396","https://openalex.org/W7043213276","https://openalex.org/W261825938","https://openalex.org/W2399354794","https://openalex.org/W2406306589","https://openalex.org/W7099809092","https://openalex.org/W2576754150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"explore":[1],"the":[2,75,84,97,100,107,116,122,128],"connections":[3],"between":[4],"machine":[5],"learning":[6,9],"and":[7,40,58],"human":[8,17,123,139],"in":[10,25,112,115,145],"one":[11],"form":[12],"of":[13,51,83,99,130],"semi-supervised":[14,136],"classification.":[15],"22":[16],"subjects":[18],"completed":[19],"a":[20,33,48,67,131],"novel":[21],"2-class":[22],"categorization":[23],"task":[24],"which":[26],"they":[27,110],"were":[28,42,55,64,95],"first":[29],"taught":[30],"to":[31,44,74,106,127],"categorize":[32],"single":[34],"labeled":[35,86,102],"example":[36],"from":[37,66,142],"each":[38],"category,":[39],"subsequently":[41],"asked":[43],"categorize,":[45],"without":[46],"feedback,":[47],"large":[49],"set":[50],"additional":[52],"items.":[53],"Stimuli":[54],"visually":[56],"complex":[57],"unrecognizable":[59],"shapes.":[60],"The":[61,138],"unlabeled":[62,108],"examples":[63],"sampled":[65],"bimodal":[68],"distribution":[69],"with":[70],"modes":[71],"appearing":[72],"either":[73],"left":[76],"(leftshift":[77],"condition)":[78,82],"or":[79],"right":[80],"(right-shift":[81],"two":[85,101,117],"examples.":[87],"Results":[88],"showed":[89],"that,":[90],"although":[91],"initial":[92],"decision":[93],"boundaries":[94],"near":[96],"middle":[98],"examples,":[103,109],"after":[104],"exposure":[105],"shifted":[111],"different":[113],"directions":[114],"groups.":[118],"In":[119],"this":[120],"respect,":[121],"behavior":[124,140],"conformed":[125],"well":[126],"predictions":[129,144],"Gaussian":[132],"mixture":[133],"model":[134,143],"for":[135,153],"learning.":[137],"differed":[141],"other":[146],"interesting":[147],"respects,":[148],"suggesting":[149],"some":[150],"fruitful":[151],"avenues":[152],"future":[154],"inquiry.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}