{"id":"https://openalex.org/W8942737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/v424110490","title":"American Bullfrogs as Invasive Species: A Review of the Introduction, Subsequent Problems, Management Options, and Future Directions","display_name":"American Bullfrogs as Invasive Species: A Review of the Introduction, Subsequent Problems, Management Options, and Future Directions","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W8942737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/v424110490","mag":"8942737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5070/v424110490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/v424110490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5070/v424110490","pdf_url":"https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5j46t7f2/qt5j46t7f2.pdf?t=pj6ox7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524349","display_name":"Proceedings - Vertebrate Pest Conference","issn_l":"0507-6773","issn":["0507-6773","2641-273X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5j46t7f2/qt5j46t7f2.pdf?t=pj6ox7","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074480902","display_name":"P. Snow Nathan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288380561","display_name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","ror":"https://ror.org/0599wfz09","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288380561","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155246","display_name":"National Wildlife Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05vw05p26","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288380561","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4387155246"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan , P. Snow","raw_affiliation_strings":["USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288380561","https://openalex.org/I4387155246"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053581410","display_name":"Gary W. Witmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-1891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-1891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288380561","display_name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","ror":"https://ror.org/0599wfz09","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288380561","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155246","display_name":"National Wildlife Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05vw05p26","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288380561","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4387155246"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Witmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288380561","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4387155246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.2254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97745902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11913","display_name":"Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies","score":0.41019999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11913","display_name":"Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies","score":0.41019999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10332","display_name":"Amphibian and Reptile Biology","score":0.30079999566078186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10302","display_name":"Fish Ecology and Management Studies","score":0.22179999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-bullfrog","display_name":"American bullfrog","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lymnaea","display_name":"Lymnaea","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invasive-species","display_name":"invasive species","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-introduction","display_name":"species introduction","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-invasions","display_name":"biological invasions","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interspecific-competition","display_name":"interspecific competition","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predation","display_name":"predation","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invasive-species-management","display_name":"invasive species management","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-target-effects","display_name":"non-target effects","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland-drainage","display_name":"wetland drainage","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-capture","display_name":"net capture","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-west","display_name":"American West","score":0.5820000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776020765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54087553","display_name":"Bullfrog","level":2,"score":0.9180161952972412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136020623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183368","display_name":"Invasive species","level":2,"score":0.7123215198516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.559137225151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.550039529800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173651095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065449","display_name":"Introduced species","level":2,"score":0.5423830151557922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5409736037254333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5070/v424110490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/v424110490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5070/v424110490","pdf_url":"https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5j46t7f2/qt5j46t7f2.pdf?t=pj6ox7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524349","display_name":"Proceedings - Vertebrate Pest Conference","issn_l":"0507-6773","issn":["0507-6773","2641-273X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-2284","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/1288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400577","display_name":"Lincoln (University of Nebraska)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt5j46t7f2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5j46t7f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, vol 24, iss 24","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt5j46t7f2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5j46t7f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Snow, Nathan P.; &amp; Witmer, Gary. (2010). American Bullfrogs as Invasive Species: A Review of the Introduction, Subsequent Problems, Management Options, and Future Directions. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 24(24), 86 - 89. doi: 10.5070/V424110490. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5j46t7f2","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5070/v424110490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/v424110490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5070/v424110490","pdf_url":"https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5j46t7f2/qt5j46t7f2.pdf?t=pj6ox7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524349","display_name":"Proceedings - Vertebrate Pest Conference","issn_l":"0507-6773","issn":["0507-6773","2641-273X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332182","display_name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7dar27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332778","display_name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","ror":"https://ror.org/0599wfz09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337829","display_name":"National Wildlife Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05vw05p26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W8942737.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W8942737.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57159026","https://openalex.org/W59526527","https://openalex.org/W193475732","https://openalex.org/W198641825","https://openalex.org/W1507688360","https://openalex.org/W1540271761","https://openalex.org/W1712156121","https://openalex.org/W1980623814","https://openalex.org/W2018875893","https://openalex.org/W2027054233","https://openalex.org/W2042201918","https://openalex.org/W2099552979","https://openalex.org/W2105643261","https://openalex.org/W2120628313","https://openalex.org/W2123758487","https://openalex.org/W2127355037","https://openalex.org/W2128567212","https://openalex.org/W2130348890","https://openalex.org/W2150462079","https://openalex.org/W2157248330","https://openalex.org/W2245078938","https://openalex.org/W2274473279","https://openalex.org/W2316046206","https://openalex.org/W2316512716","https://openalex.org/W2317344244","https://openalex.org/W2318368512","https://openalex.org/W2323099358","https://openalex.org/W2326627033","https://openalex.org/W2328200006","https://openalex.org/W2330608246","https://openalex.org/W2331339332","https://openalex.org/W2769538631","https://openalex.org/W3205614249","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301965460","https://openalex.org/W6602345328","https://openalex.org/W6811486030","https://openalex.org/W6845169721","https://openalex.org/W6991851340","https://openalex.org/W7005617972"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1712156121","https://openalex.org/W7209328305","https://openalex.org/W126761811","https://openalex.org/W7209900195","https://openalex.org/W2616182922","https://openalex.org/W2735477580","https://openalex.org/W2105668900","https://openalex.org/W7099249539","https://openalex.org/W7096788099","https://openalex.org/W6903196441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Native":[0],"to":[1,16,67,76,95,117],"the":[2,12,23,32,39,77],"eastern":[3],"United":[4],"States,":[5],"American":[6],"bullfrogs":[7,56],"have":[8,127],"been":[9],"introduced":[10],"throughout":[11],"western":[13],"U.S.":[14],"and":[15,20,41,53,58,79,91,108,114,124,141],"several":[17],"other":[18],"countries":[19],"islands":[21],"around":[22],"world.":[24],"Bullfrogs":[25],"are":[26,65,86,161],"well":[27],"adapted":[28],"for":[29,147],"many":[30,61],"of":[31,49,81,150],"permanent":[33],"water":[34],"sources":[35],"that":[36,158],"occur":[37],"within":[38],"U.S.,":[40],"once":[42],"introduced,":[43],"they":[44],"typically":[45],"become":[46],"dominant.":[47],"Because":[48],"their":[50],"large":[51],"size":[52],"voracious":[54],"appetite,":[55],"outcompete":[57],"prey":[59],"upon":[60],"indigenous":[62],"species.":[63,84,133],"They":[64],"hypothesized":[66],"be":[68,111,145],"cause":[69],"significant":[70],"negative":[71,129],"impacts,":[72],"which":[73],"may":[74],"contribute":[75],"endangerment":[78],"extinction":[80],"some":[82],"sensitive":[83],"There":[85],"few,":[87],"if":[88],"any,":[89],"effective":[90],"efficient":[92],"control":[93],"methods":[94,100],"manage":[96],"invasive":[97,151],"bullfrogs.":[98,152],"Current":[99],"such":[101,137],"as":[102,138],"hand":[103],"or":[104],"net":[105],"capture,":[106],"shooting,":[107],"gigging":[109],"can":[110],"labor":[112],"intensive":[113],"often":[115],"fail":[116],"reduce":[118],"bullfrog":[119],"numbers.":[120],"Draining":[121],"wetland":[122],"habitats":[123],"broadcasting":[125],"toxicants":[126,140],"severe":[128],"effects":[130],"on":[131],"non-target":[132,159],"New":[134],"management":[135,166],"options,":[136],"locally-sprayed":[139],"multiple-capture":[142],"traps,":[143],"could":[144],"useful":[146],"reducing":[148],"populations":[149],"However,":[153],"researchers":[154],"should":[155],"make":[156],"certain":[157],"species":[160],"not":[162],"affected":[163],"by":[164],"these":[165],"techniques.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
