{"id":"https://openalex.org/W8931241","doi":null,"title":"Melanin hyperpigmentation of skin: melasma, topical treatment with azelaic acid, and other therapies.","display_name":"Melanin hyperpigmentation of skin: melasma, topical treatment with azelaic acid, and other therapies.","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W8931241","mag":"8931241","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8654129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:8654129","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8654129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cutis","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111446393","display_name":"A. S. Breathnach","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A S Breathnach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sherrington School of Physiology, UMDS, University of London, England, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sherrington School of Physiology, UMDS, University of London, England, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111446393"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82131891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1 Suppl","first_page":"36","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11172","display_name":"Dermatologic Treatments and Research","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11172","display_name":"Dermatologic Treatments and Research","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.4934000074863434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melasma","display_name":"melasma","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azelaic-acid","display_name":"azelaic acid","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroquinone","display_name":"hydroquinone","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-trans-retinoic-acid","display_name":"all-trans retinoic acid","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tyrosinase-inhibition","display_name":"tyrosinase inhibition","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-inflammatory-hyperpigmentation","display_name":"post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lentigo-maligna","display_name":"lentigo maligna","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanoma","display_name":"melanoma","score":0.6579999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780285341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413504","display_name":"Azelaic acid","level":2,"score":0.9933405518531799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776677263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305190","display_name":"Melasma","level":2,"score":0.964653730392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776728111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641068","display_name":"Hyperpigmentation","level":2,"score":0.8363276720046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.7912009954452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7719820141792297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779963572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29417","display_name":"Tretinoin","level":4,"score":0.6254923939704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909381827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641068","display_name":"Skin hyperpigmentation","level":3,"score":0.4330708980560303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779179668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193408","display_name":"Pigmentation disorder","level":2,"score":0.4107239842414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425517","display_name":"Retinoic acid","level":3,"score":0.21097499132156372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1435541808605194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.10633453726768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000287","descriptor_name":"Administration, Topical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003879","descriptor_name":"Dermatologic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003998","descriptor_name":"Dicarboxylic Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008548","descriptor_name":"Melanosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014212","descriptor_name":"Tretinoin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:8654129","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8654129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cutis","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:8931241","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8654129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056980507","https://openalex.org/W1975096336","https://openalex.org/W2188501250","https://openalex.org/W2894806873","https://openalex.org/W2278132114","https://openalex.org/W7170044593","https://openalex.org/W4391055064","https://openalex.org/W2118364917","https://openalex.org/W1993514465","https://openalex.org/W2145682122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clinical":[0],"studies":[1],"of":[2,39,61,67,71,88,109,115,124,136,146],"patients":[3],"with":[4,44],"melasma":[5],"have":[6],"shown":[7],"that":[8],"topical":[9],"20":[10],"percent":[11,18,25],"azelaic":[12,40,54,72,128,137],"acid":[13,43,55,73,138],"is":[14],"superior":[15],"to":[16,35,77,80,93,127],"2":[17],"hydroquinone":[19],"and":[20,57,91,143],"as":[21,23],"effective":[22],"4":[24],"hydroquinone,":[26],"without":[27],"the":[28,65,82,102,116,121,133],"latter's":[29],"undesirable":[30],"side":[31],"effects.":[32],"Tretinoin":[33],"appears":[34],"enhance":[36],"this":[37],"effect":[38,70,104],"acid.":[41],"Azelaic":[42],"tretinoin":[45],"caused":[46],"more":[47],"skin":[48],"lightening":[49],"after":[50],"three":[51],"months":[52],"than":[53],"alone,":[56],"a":[58,113],"higher":[59],"proportion":[60],"excellent":[62],"responders":[63],"at":[64],"end":[66],"treatment.":[68],"The":[69],"can":[74],"be":[75],"attributed":[76],"its":[78,94],"ability":[79],"inhibit":[81],"energy":[83],"production":[84],"and/or":[85],"DNA":[86],"synthesis":[87],"hyperactive":[89],"melanocytes,":[90],"partially":[92],"antityrosinase":[95],"activity.":[96],"This":[97],"may":[98,130],"also":[99],"account":[100,131],"for":[101,132],"beneficial":[103],"on":[105],"postinflammatory":[106],"hyperpigmentation.":[107],"Destruction":[108],"malignant":[110],"melanocytes":[111],"by":[112,120],"combination":[114],"same":[117],"activities,":[118],"enhanced":[119],"greater":[122],"permeability":[123],"tumoral":[125],"cells":[126],"acid,":[129],"clinical":[134],"effects":[135],"observed":[139],"in":[140],"lentigo":[141],"maligna":[142],"individual":[144],"lesions":[145],"primary":[147],"melanoma.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}