{"id":"https://openalex.org/W89119711","doi":null,"title":"Transforming Urban Public Schools: The Role of Standards and Accountability.","display_name":"Transforming Urban Public Schools: The Role of Standards and Accountability.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W89119711","mag":"89119711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:89119711","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED459290.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075388625","display_name":"Linda Darling\u2010Hammond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-0618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-0618"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linda Darling\u2010Hammond","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-0618","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075388625"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1324,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83816735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13853","display_name":"Teacher Education and Assessments","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-public-schools","display_name":"urban public schools","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-accountability","display_name":"educational accountability","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-stakes-testing","display_name":"high-stakes testing","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standards-based-reform","display_name":"standards-based reform","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-professional-standards","display_name":"teacher professional standards","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-reform","display_name":"educational reform","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-and-assessment","display_name":"curriculum and assessment","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"resource allocation","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-improvement","display_name":"school improvement","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-preparation","display_name":"teacher preparation","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-equity","display_name":"educational equity","score":0.6940000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.9184361696243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.7009771466255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6248936653137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5307507514953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.49880552291870117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162615427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510200","display_name":"Learning standards","level":3,"score":0.47946131229400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136287216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16154661","display_name":"Academic standards","level":3,"score":0.459030419588089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4478611648082733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44359901547431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4149931073188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.41011959314346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.36073291301727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.3360607624053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.33140814304351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3158608675003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28312188386917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.185080885887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:89119711","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED459290.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40344612","https://openalex.org/W47466553","https://openalex.org/W88309307","https://openalex.org/W131432356","https://openalex.org/W146642494","https://openalex.org/W153099717","https://openalex.org/W156201392","https://openalex.org/W172819464","https://openalex.org/W173325359","https://openalex.org/W175103063","https://openalex.org/W177801670","https://openalex.org/W194175938","https://openalex.org/W222586406","https://openalex.org/W234600021","https://openalex.org/W295654152","https://openalex.org/W308826271","https://openalex.org/W1481813919","https://openalex.org/W1512477848","https://openalex.org/W1569654138","https://openalex.org/W1573776049","https://openalex.org/W1832781040","https://openalex.org/W1977338341","https://openalex.org/W1990695422","https://openalex.org/W2000548691","https://openalex.org/W2012295255","https://openalex.org/W2022310841","https://openalex.org/W2035837536","https://openalex.org/W2054028789","https://openalex.org/W2081328263","https://openalex.org/W2109264600","https://openalex.org/W2113287099","https://openalex.org/W2116034249","https://openalex.org/W2129119575","https://openalex.org/W2158137369","https://openalex.org/W2163930669","https://openalex.org/W2224546363","https://openalex.org/W2283678745","https://openalex.org/W2888985067","https://openalex.org/W3093483804","https://openalex.org/W3140099925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030137462","https://openalex.org/W1998198159","https://openalex.org/W2618153279","https://openalex.org/W1516787981","https://openalex.org/W7096987827","https://openalex.org/W2035034513","https://openalex.org/W2902675071","https://openalex.org/W7099882226","https://openalex.org/W2264490155","https://openalex.org/W7064084578"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,239],"paper":[1,55],"examines":[2],"how":[3],"urban":[4,68],"school":[5,152,384],"districts":[6,31,385],"that":[7,32,70,119,146,173,203,494,496,511,535],"have":[8,256,342,492],"substantially":[9],"improved":[10],"student":[11,109,350,516],"performance":[12],"emphasize":[13,71],"improvement":[14],"of":[15,74,117,136,142,217,228,264,312,334,346,379,396,413,425,489],"education":[16,132,163,319],"guided":[17,548],"by":[18,198,549],"rigorous":[19],"standards":[20,75,175,188,336,348,472,495,551],"for":[21,27,39,50,76,108,113,138,176,189,337,349,515,552,557],"teachers":[22,42],"rather":[23,47],"than":[24,48],"high-stakes":[25],"testing":[26,375,402],"students.":[28,53,143],"States":[29,325],"and":[30,41,63,78,93,100,104,124,133,155,164,219,231,314,358,367,371,382,406,442,473,502,524,545,559],"rely":[33],"on":[34,58,121,331],"test-based":[35],"accountability":[36,62,118,148,380,404],"emphasizing":[37],"sanctions":[38],"students":[40,177,457,499],"often":[43],"produce":[44,129],"greater":[45,140],"failure":[46],"success":[49],"educationally":[51],"vulnerable":[52],"The":[54,215,310,318,411],"reviews":[56],"research":[57],"various":[59],"approaches":[60],"to":[61,80,160,165,184,259,328,355,361,447,460,467,505,527],"highlights":[64],"successful":[65],"reforms":[66,415,491,510],"in":[67,83,127,269,322,391,421,438],"settings":[69],"the":[72,190,201,208,247,323,332,344,387,423,426,450,528],"use":[73],"teaching":[77],"learning":[79,137],"guide":[81,356],"investments":[82],"better":[84,95,130],"prepared":[85],"teachers,":[86],"higher":[87,134],"quality":[88,131,520,539],"teaching,":[89],"more":[90,98,105,435,513,530,541,554,560],"performance-oriented":[91],"curriculum":[92,353,521],"assessment,":[94],"designed":[96],"schools,":[97],"equitable":[99],"effective":[101],"resource":[102],"allocations,":[103],"diagnostic":[106],"supports":[107],"learning.":[110],"It":[111,144,171],"argues":[112],"a":[114,139,377],"broader":[115],"conception":[116],"focuses":[120],"whether":[122],"policymakers'":[123],"practitioners'":[125],"actions,":[126],"fact,":[128],"levels":[135],"share":[141],"suggests":[145],"genuine":[147],"is":[149,416,464],"achieved":[150],"when":[151],"system":[153],"policies":[154],"operating":[156],"practices":[157],"work":[158,437],"both":[159],"provide":[161],"good":[162],"correct":[166],"problems":[167],"as":[168,244,376],"they":[169,179,182,430,482],"occur.":[170],"concludes":[172],"raising":[174,187],"so":[178],"learn":[180],"what":[181,498],"need":[183],"know":[185,501],"requires":[186],"system.":[191],"(Contains":[192],"69":[193],"references.)":[194],"(SM)":[195],"Reproductions":[196],"supplied":[197],"EDRS":[199],"are":[200,389,458],"best":[202],"can":[204],"be":[205,445,503],"made":[206,258],"from":[207,246],"original":[209],"document.":[210],"Transforming":[211,306],"Urban":[212,307],"Public":[213,308],"Schools:":[214,309],"Role":[216,311],"Standards":[218,313],"Accountability":[220,315],"Linda":[221,316],"Darling-Hammond":[222,317],"U.S.":[223],"DEPARTMENT":[224],"OF":[225],"EDUCATION":[226],"Office":[227],"Educational":[229],"Research":[230],"Improvement":[232],"EDUCATIONAL":[233,301],"RESOURCES":[234,302],"INFORMATION":[235,303],"CENTER":[236,304],"(ERIC)":[237,305],"O":[238,253],"document":[240,271],"has":[241,326],"been":[242,257],"reproduced":[243],"received":[245],"person":[248],"or":[249,266,279,408,477],"organization":[250],"originating":[251],"it.":[252],"Minor":[254],"changes":[255],"improve":[260,448,475],"reproduction":[261],"quality.":[262],"Points":[263],"view":[265],"opinions":[267],"stated":[268],"this":[270,537],"do":[272,431,483,506],"not":[273,432,484],"necessarily":[274],"represent":[275],"official":[276],"OERI":[277],"position":[278],"policy.":[280],"PERMISSION":[281],"TO":[282,299],"REPRODUCE":[283],"AND":[284],"DISSEMINATE":[285],"THIS":[286],"MATERIAL":[287],"HAS":[288],"BEEN":[289],"GRANTED":[290],"BY":[291],"BEST":[292],"COPY":[293],"AVAILABLE":[294],"Ladirodimmitoni":[295],"0":[296],"4":[297],"1":[298],"THE":[300],"reform":[320],"movement":[321],"United":[324],"begun":[327,343],"focus":[329],"increasingly":[330],"development":[333,547],"new":[335,352,359,400,427],"students:":[338],"Virtually":[339],"all":[340,373],"states":[341],"process":[345],"creating":[347],"learning,":[351,517],"frameworks":[354],"instruction,":[357],"assessments":[360,525],"test":[362],"students'":[363],"knowledge.":[364],"President":[365],"Clinton":[366],"presidential":[368],"candidates":[369],"Gore":[370],"Bush":[372],"proposed":[374],"centerpiece":[378],"reforms,":[381],"many":[383,440],"across":[386],"country":[388],"weighing":[390],"with":[392],"their":[393,456],"own":[394],"versions":[395],"standards-based":[397,490],"reform,":[398],"including":[399,518],"curricula,":[401],"systems,":[403],"mechanisms,":[405],"promotion":[407],"graduation":[409],"requirements.":[410],"rhetoric":[412],"these":[414,468],"appealing.":[417],"Students":[418],"cannot":[419,444],"succeed":[420],"meeting":[422],"demands":[424],"economy":[428],"if":[429],"encounter":[433],"much":[434],"challenging":[436],"school,":[439],"argue,":[441],"schools":[443,476],"stimulated":[446],"unless":[449],"real":[451],"accomplishments":[452],"-or":[453],"deficits":[454],"-of":[455],"raised":[459],"public":[461],"attention.":[462],"There":[463],"certainly":[465],"merit":[466],"arguments.":[469],"But":[470],"will":[471],"tests":[474],"create":[478],"educational":[479],"opportunities":[480],"where":[481],"now":[485],"exist?":[486],"Some":[487],"proponents":[488],"envisioned":[493],"express":[497],"should":[500],"able":[504],"would":[507],"spur":[508],"other":[509],"mobilize":[512],"resources":[514,556],"high":[519,538],"frameworks,":[522],"materials,":[523],"tied":[526],"standards;":[529],"widely":[531],"available":[532,562],"course":[533],"offerings":[534],"reflect":[536],"curriculum;":[540],"intensive":[542],"teacher":[543],"preparation":[544],"professional":[546],"related":[550],"teaching;":[553],"equalized":[555],"schools;":[558],"readily":[561]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}