{"id":"https://openalex.org/W877814957","doi":null,"title":"Brown v. Pro Football, Inc.: Labor's Antitrust Touchdown Called Back; United States Supreme Court Reinforces Nonstatutory Labor Exemption from Antitrust Laws","display_name":"Brown v. Pro Football, Inc.: Labor's Antitrust Touchdown Called Back; United States Supreme Court Reinforces Nonstatutory Labor Exemption from Antitrust Laws","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W877814957","mag":"877814957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu:tlr-2124","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol33/iss1/18","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2124&context=tlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tulsa Law Review","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2124&context=tlr","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050277548","display_name":"John J. Baroni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87208437","display_name":"University of Tulsa","ror":"https://ror.org/04wn28048","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John J. Baroni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Tulsa,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Tulsa,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050277548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26597938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"401","last_page":"420"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.31200000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.31200000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14003","display_name":"Labor Law and Work Dynamics","score":0.23649999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.21610000729560852,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-bargaining","display_name":"collective bargaining","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-athletes","display_name":"professional athletes","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-business","display_name":"sports business","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/justice-breyer","display_name":"Justice Breyer","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.7843403220176697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.7025127410888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.48609423637390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65664369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5162854","display_name":"Consent decree","level":2,"score":0.4609746038913727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.422167032957077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu:tlr-2124","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol33/iss1/18","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2124&context=tlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tulsa Law Review","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:877814957","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2124&context=tlr","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764891088","display_name":"Tulsa law journal","issn_l":"0041-4050","issn":["0041-4050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316207","host_organization_name":"University of Tulsa College of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316207"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Tulsa College of Law"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tulsa law journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu:tlr-2124","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol33/iss1/18","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2124&context=tlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tulsa Law Review","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.46149998903274536}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5400000214576721}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W877814957.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W877814957.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2752991298","https://openalex.org/W2797658452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2576305047","https://openalex.org/W1572274902","https://openalex.org/W6982846883","https://openalex.org/W7064066614","https://openalex.org/W2299169193","https://openalex.org/W2793716560","https://openalex.org/W640098419","https://openalex.org/W6999232566","https://openalex.org/W7045959841","https://openalex.org/W1529229057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Justice":[0,114,146],"Breyer":[1,115],"opined":[2],"that":[3,49,123,168,186,208],"the":[4,15,18,29,58,70,108,117,120,130,133,140,153,160,165,191,201,209,220],"question":[5],"presented":[6],"in":[7,57,159,211,215],"Brown":[8,94],"v.":[9],"Pro":[10],"Football,":[11],"Inc.":[12],"arose":[13],"\"at":[14],"intersection":[16,25,78],"of":[17,31,89,119,152,227],"Nation's":[19],"labor":[20,141],"and":[21,33,51,91,116],"antitrust":[22,234],"laws.\"'That":[23],"this":[24,77,86],"has":[26,110],"always":[27],"been":[28],"source":[30],"confusion":[32],"uncertainty":[34],"is":[35,204],"an":[36],"understatement.Peruse":[37],"any":[38,40,45],"newspaper.Watch":[39],"television":[41],"news":[42],"program.Listen":[43],"to":[44,84,101,129,139,149,222,233],"radio":[46],"broadcast.It":[47],"appears":[48],"athletes":[50,103],"their":[52,64],"employers":[53,210],"compete":[54],"as":[55,60,137],"vigorously":[56],"courts":[59],"they":[61],"do":[62],"on":[63],"respective":[65],"playing":[66],"fields.":[67],"2":[68],"Fortunately,":[69],"Court":[71,109,121,134,166],"left":[72],"all":[73,187,212],"future":[74],"travelers":[75],"through":[76],"a":[79,112,173,205],"useful":[80],"compass":[81],"with":[82],"which":[83],"navigate":[85],"infamous":[87],"convergence":[88],"law":[90],"public":[92],"policy.Although":[93],"ostensibly":[95],"involved":[96],"professional":[97],"athletes,":[98],"by":[99,190],"declining":[100],"distinguish":[102],"from":[104,180],"other":[105,181],"organized":[106,182],"workers,":[107],"provided":[111],"3.Although":[113],"majority":[118],"recognized":[122],"there":[124],"were":[125],"some":[126],"unique":[127],"aspects":[128],"sports":[131,216],"business,":[132],"dismissed":[135],"these":[136],"irrelevant":[138],"exemption":[142],"question.In":[143],"his":[144],"dissent,":[145],"Stevens":[147],"pointed":[148],"various":[150],"features":[151],"\"parties'":[154],"collective":[155],"bargaining":[156],"relationship":[157],"which,":[158],"dissent's":[161],"view":[162],"make.thiscase":[163],"\"atypical,\"":[164],"concluded":[167],"\"[u]Itimately,":[169],"we":[170],"cannot":[171],"find":[172],"satisfactory":[174],"basis":[175],"for":[176],"distinguishing":[177],"football":[178],"players":[179],"workers.We":[183],"therefore":[184],"conclude":[185],"must":[188],"abide":[189],"same":[192],"legal":[193],"rules.\"See":[194],"Brown,":[195],"116":[196],"S.Ct.":[197],"at":[198],"2126.In":[199],"essence,":[200],"Court's":[202],"holding":[203],"\"blanket":[206],"finding":[207],"multiemployer":[213],"groups,":[214],"or":[217],"not,":[218],"have":[219],"right":[221],"unilaterally":[223],"implement":[224],"new":[225],"terms":[226],"employment":[228],"post-impasse":[229],"without":[230],"being":[231],"subject":[232],"liability.\"See":[235],"Gary":[236],"R.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-16T18:09:00.828671","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}