{"id":"https://openalex.org/W855262984","doi":null,"title":"Isolation and characterization of compounds active against Cryptococcus neoformans from Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock (Celastraceae) leaves","display_name":"Isolation and characterization of compounds active against Cryptococcus neoformans from Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock (Celastraceae) leaves","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W855262984","mag":"855262984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/27985","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27985","pdf_url":"http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09172008-173008/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401870","display_name":"UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","host_organization_name":"University of Pretoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09172008-173008/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111887071","display_name":"Tsholofelo Mokoka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7676-3294","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7676-3294"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tsholofelo Mokoka","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111887071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11037","display_name":"Fungal Infections and Studies","score":0.7797999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11037","display_name":"Fungal Infections and Studies","score":0.7797999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11613","display_name":"Phytochemistry and Biological Activities","score":0.03700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10252","display_name":"Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2402","display_name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptococcus-neoformans","display_name":"Cryptococcus neoformans","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antifungal-activity","display_name":"antifungal activity","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-secondary-metabolites","display_name":"plant secondary metabolites","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptococcosis","display_name":"cryptococcosis","score":0.8450000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779196830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135336","display_name":"Celastraceae","level":2,"score":0.9083219766616821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.7482468485832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777893358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131924","display_name":"Cryptococcus neoformans","level":2,"score":0.7346985936164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4979391098022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.46590572595596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779548794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578726","display_name":"Antifungal","level":2,"score":0.4231393337249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.36436930298805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.31749963760375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09761303663253784}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/27985","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27985","pdf_url":"http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09172008-173008/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401870","display_name":"UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","host_organization_name":"University of Pretoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:855262984","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/27985/1/dissertation.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/27985","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27985","pdf_url":"http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09172008-173008/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401870","display_name":"UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","host_organization_name":"University of Pretoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W855262984.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W855262984.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":160,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18292798","https://openalex.org/W25864639","https://openalex.org/W146111885","https://openalex.org/W148418357","https://openalex.org/W193541003","https://openalex.org/W646503172","https://openalex.org/W657145799","https://openalex.org/W1488295472","https://openalex.org/W1494526240","https://openalex.org/W1495722777","https://openalex.org/W1514738334","https://openalex.org/W1556595425","https://openalex.org/W1578699779","https://openalex.org/W1580911053","https://openalex.org/W1594344359","https://openalex.org/W1617533497","https://openalex.org/W1723361410","https://openalex.org/W1744995852","https://openalex.org/W1761787460","https://openalex.org/W1933413928","https://openalex.org/W1935041648","https://openalex.org/W1956991203","https://openalex.org/W1963506876","https://openalex.org/W1963725379","https://openalex.org/W1964394027","https://openalex.org/W1965565026","https://openalex.org/W1968186134","https://openalex.org/W1971343205","https://openalex.org/W1973377266","https://openalex.org/W1977359496","https://openalex.org/W1978289966","https://openalex.org/W1979449570","https://openalex.org/W1979491221","https://openalex.org/W1980024955","https://openalex.org/W1980240355","https://openalex.org/W1985232253","https://openalex.org/W1990988407","https://openalex.org/W1992853157","https://openalex.org/W1993162648","https://openalex.org/W1993213843","https://openalex.org/W1993533983","https://openalex.org/W1993993605","https://openalex.org/W1998199121","https://openalex.org/W1998840608","https://openalex.org/W2000845575","https://openalex.org/W2003021270","https://openalex.org/W2004503571","https://openalex.org/W2006787633","https://openalex.org/W2007108023","https://openalex.org/W2008735508","https://openalex.org/W2012050459","https://openalex.org/W2014810376","https://openalex.org/W2015884448","https://openalex.org/W2017292215","https://openalex.org/W2018445998","https://openalex.org/W2019681457","https://openalex.org/W2022564040","https://openalex.org/W2027687779","https://openalex.org/W2033847999","https://openalex.org/W2035997356","https://openalex.org/W2037216513","https://openalex.org/W2037262336","https://openalex.org/W2039129441","https://openalex.org/W2039523724","https://openalex.org/W2041068489","https://openalex.org/W2041251634","https://openalex.org/W2048309867","https://openalex.org/W2049539238","https://openalex.org/W2051486740","https://openalex.org/W2051667899","https://openalex.org/W2055517967","https://openalex.org/W2056407708","https://openalex.org/W2059610658","https://openalex.org/W2063287049","https://openalex.org/W2063401328","https://openalex.org/W2066382195","https://openalex.org/W2067278945","https://openalex.org/W2068059014","https://openalex.org/W2068140221","https://openalex.org/W2069801130","https://openalex.org/W2069975761","https://openalex.org/W2070344812","https://openalex.org/W2070762582","https://openalex.org/W2072785474","https://openalex.org/W2074156945","https://openalex.org/W2077647060","https://openalex.org/W2077822470","https://openalex.org/W2078204932","https://openalex.org/W2078320878","https://openalex.org/W2079292424","https://openalex.org/W2079815128","https://openalex.org/W2080013161","https://openalex.org/W2080298810","https://openalex.org/W2081489325","https://openalex.org/W2081682072","https://openalex.org/W2082055343","https://openalex.org/W2085523462","https://openalex.org/W2086630608","https://openalex.org/W2088388171","https://openalex.org/W2089821435","https://openalex.org/W2093265335","https://openalex.org/W2093413494","https://openalex.org/W2096155456","https://openalex.org/W2098169836","https://openalex.org/W2100343814","https://openalex.org/W2107013040","https://openalex.org/W2107188298","https://openalex.org/W2110837175","https://openalex.org/W2114052001","https://openalex.org/W2114605201","https://openalex.org/W2114918609","https://openalex.org/W2116757372","https://openalex.org/W2118142111","https://openalex.org/W2119756970","https://openalex.org/W2120392598","https://openalex.org/W2123331018","https://openalex.org/W2126163890","https://openalex.org/W2126697881","https://openalex.org/W2127597456","https://openalex.org/W2127627541","https://openalex.org/W2130839195","https://openalex.org/W2131642993","https://openalex.org/W2132310675","https://openalex.org/W2132743118","https://openalex.org/W2132879359","https://openalex.org/W2134676888","https://openalex.org/W2135118098","https://openalex.org/W2140272791","https://openalex.org/W2141474275","https://openalex.org/W2142639284","https://openalex.org/W2144149632","https://openalex.org/W2144237278","https://openalex.org/W2145830415","https://openalex.org/W2146698584","https://openalex.org/W2147038307","https://openalex.org/W2155645840","https://openalex.org/W2157766752","https://openalex.org/W2159513280","https://openalex.org/W2160316132","https://openalex.org/W2162331245","https://openalex.org/W2163106018","https://openalex.org/W2165918941","https://openalex.org/W2168781246","https://openalex.org/W2171003314","https://openalex.org/W2177043671","https://openalex.org/W2180165700","https://openalex.org/W2262270266","https://openalex.org/W2313508921","https://openalex.org/W2325290593","https://openalex.org/W2330375635","https://openalex.org/W2331249764","https://openalex.org/W2336541137","https://openalex.org/W2365378777","https://openalex.org/W2402381811","https://openalex.org/W2409985024","https://openalex.org/W2522566170","https://openalex.org/W2740005289","https://openalex.org/W2953209631","https://openalex.org/W3176869411","https://openalex.org/W4294326454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123539147","https://openalex.org/W2037219520","https://openalex.org/W1997889588","https://openalex.org/W7120781806","https://openalex.org/W2905092560","https://openalex.org/W7098560692","https://openalex.org/W2113683378","https://openalex.org/W1975003766","https://openalex.org/W3132076330","https://openalex.org/W1491569256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microbial":[0],"infections":[1,30,66,192,209],"are":[2],"a":[3,89,181,326,361,598,730],"major":[4],"threat":[5,43],"to":[6,14,44,60,79,113,142,148,167,350,366,424,470,479,493,507,525,592],"public":[7],"health":[8],"particularly":[9],"in":[10,56,95,128,159,204,210,381,522],"developing":[11,160],"countries":[12],"due":[13,59],"the":[15,21,52,61,80,108,111,114,150,153,175,205,230,272,283,296,319,368,402,415,425,433,439,445,471,480,494,508,513,565,577,604,637,641,647,658,672,690,717,727],"relative":[16],"unavailability":[17],"of":[18,23,64,72,107,177,184,207,221,232,285,290,301,321,331,353,363,370,386,406,414,427,432,474,512,564,618,629,636,679,709,734,753],"medicine":[19],"and":[20,37,67,98,105,125,144,152,197,212,258,271,309,334,340,356,395,409,420,441,444,466,483,518,534,545,550,559,612,640,657,684,702,712,739,744,747,755],"emergence":[22],"widespread":[24],"drug":[25,154],"resistance.":[26],"Serious":[27],"invasive":[28],"fungal":[29,530],"caused":[31,193],"by":[32,194],"Candida":[33],"albicans,":[34],"Cryptococcus":[35,86,535],"neoformans":[36,87,121,267],"Aspergillus":[38],"spp.":[39],"represents":[40],"an":[41,164,626,677,693,707],"increasing":[42],"human":[45],"health.":[46],"They":[47],"have":[48,499],"increased":[49,62],"significantly":[50],"during":[51],"past":[53],"decade,":[54],"especially":[55],"immunocompromised":[57],"individuals,":[58],"occurrence":[63],"HIV":[65],"resistance":[68,608],"development.":[69],"The":[70,131,275,288,384,398,634,665],"toxicity":[71,670,688,705],"available":[73],"antifungal":[74,84,307],"drugs/agents":[75],"has":[76],"contributed":[77],"greatly":[78],"need":[81,145,166],"for":[82,174,187,229,263,282,378,412,596,622,632],"new":[83,169],"drugs.":[85],"is":[88,136,724],"yeast":[90],"organism":[91,109],"that":[92,137,505,721],"causes":[93],"cryptococcosis":[94],"both":[96,269],"humans":[97,211],"animals.":[99,213],"This":[100,162],"disease":[101],"develops":[102],"following":[103],"inhalation":[104],"dissemination":[106],"from":[110,503,589],"lungs":[112],"central":[115],"nervous":[116],"system.":[117],"Infection":[118],"with":[119,133,391,615,625,676,692,706,729],"C.":[120,266,314,338,341],"often":[122],"produces":[123],"pneumonia":[124],"cryptococcal":[126],"meningitis":[127],"HIV-infected":[129],"patients.":[130],"problem":[132],"this":[134,235,382],"fungus":[135],"AIDS":[138],"patients":[139],"respond":[140],"poorly":[141],"treatment":[143,155,176,206],"lifelong":[146],"therapy":[147],"suppress":[149],"infection":[151],"may":[156,201],"be":[157,202,216,526],"expensive":[158],"countries.":[161],"indicates":[163,720],"urgent":[165],"develop":[168],"specific":[170],"fungicidal":[171],"antimicrobial":[172],"agents":[173],"cryptococcosis.":[178],"Plants":[179,214],"synthesize":[180],"large":[182],"number":[183],"secondary":[185],"metabolites":[186],"protecting":[188],"themselves":[189],"against":[190,265,313,528,575,609,689],"microbe":[191],"bacteria,":[195],"fungi":[196],"viruses.":[198],"These":[199,497],"substances":[200],"useful":[203],"microbial":[208,583],"can":[215],"considered":[217],"as":[218,449],"potential":[219],"sources":[220],"therapeutic":[222],"extracts":[223],"or":[224,345],"active":[225,277,286,371,416],"pure":[226],"chemical":[227],"compounds":[228,372,435,446,516,643,700,737,745],"development":[231],"medicines.":[233],"During":[234],"project,":[236],"ten":[237],"plant":[238,278,291,667],"species":[239,279,292,531,540,554],"(Zanthoxylum":[240],"capenses,":[241,245],"Morus":[242],"mesozygia,":[243],"Calodendron":[244],"Catha":[246],"transvaalensis,":[247],"Cussonia":[248],"zuluensis,":[249],"Ochna":[250],"natalitia,":[251],"Croton":[252],"sylvaticus,":[253],"Maytenus":[254],"undata,":[255],"Celtis":[256],"africana":[257],"Cassine":[259],"aethiopica)":[260],"were":[261,447,520,644],"screened":[262],"activity":[264,312],"using":[268,438,646,652,661],"bioautography":[270,374],"microdilution":[273],"assay.":[274],"most":[276],"was":[280,293,410,436,601],"selected":[281],"isolation":[284,413,426],"metabolites.":[287],"selection":[289],"based":[294],"on":[295,304,324,373,580],"lowest":[297,403],"MIC":[298,329,348,404,586,616,627],"value,":[299],"presence":[300,320],"clear":[302,322,364,573],"zones":[303,323],"bioautograms":[305,581],"indicating":[306,582],"activity,":[308],"high":[310,335],"total":[311,336],"neoformans.":[315],"M.":[316,351,387],"undata":[317,352],"indicated":[318,401,669,686,704,741,749],"bioautograms,":[325],"low":[327],"average":[328,347],"value":[330,405,628,733],"0.09":[332,357],"mg/ml":[333,355,358,408],"activity.":[337],"sylvaticus":[339],"transvaalensis":[342],"had":[343],"lower":[344],"equal":[346],"values":[349,587,617,752],"0.07":[354],"respectively.":[359,397,715,757],"However":[360,699],"lack":[362],"bands":[365,574],"identify":[367],"position":[369],"plates":[375],"disqualified":[376],"them":[377],"further":[379],"analysis":[380],"study.":[383],"leaves":[385],"undatawere":[388],"exhaustively":[389],"extracted":[390],"hexane,":[392],"dichloromethane,":[393],"acetone":[394],"methanol":[396],"hexane":[399,638,666,722],"extract":[400,639,668,723],"0.02":[407],"used":[411],"constituents.":[417],"Column":[418],"chromatography":[419],"bioassay-guided":[421],"fractionation":[422],"led":[423],"six":[428,514],"triterpene-like":[429],"compounds.The":[430],"structure":[431],"isolated":[434,501,515,521,642],"elucidated":[437],"NMR":[440],"MS":[442],"techniques":[443],"identified":[448],"friedelin":[450,610],"(1),":[451],"epifriedelanol":[452,467],"(2),":[453],"taraxerol":[454,476,613],"(3),":[455],"3-oxo-11\u00e1-methoxyolean-12-ene-30-oic":[456,484],"acid":[457,460,462,485,488,490,568,570],"(4),":[458,486],"3-oxo-11\u00e1-hydroxyolean-12-ene-30-oic":[459,487,567],"(5)&3,11-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-30-oic":[461,489,569],"(6).":[463],"Friedelin":[464],"(1)":[465,611],"(2)":[468],"belong":[469,492,506],"friedelane":[472],"group":[473,482],"triterpenoids,":[475],"(3)":[477,614],"belongs":[478],"taraxerane":[481],"(6)":[491],"12-oleanene":[495],"group.":[496],"groups":[498],"been":[500],"previously":[502],"plants":[504],"Celastraceae":[509],"family.":[510],"Four":[511],"1,3,5":[517],"6":[519,703,748],"sufficient":[523],"quantity":[524],"assayed":[527],"two":[529,537,551],"(Candida":[532],"albicans":[533],"neoformans),":[536],"Gram-positive":[538],"bacterial":[539,553],"(Staphylococcus":[541],"aureus,":[542],"ATCC":[543,548,557,562],"29213":[544],"Enterococcus":[546],"faecalis,":[547],"29212)":[549],"Gram-negative":[552],"(Escherichia":[555],"coli,":[556],"27853":[558],"Pseudomonas":[560],"aeruginosa,":[561],"25922).Two":[563],"compounds,":[566],"(6),":[571],"showed":[572,607],"all":[576],"tested":[578,605],"organisms":[579],"growth":[584],"inhibition.":[585],"ranged":[588],"24":[590],"\u00b5g/ml":[591,594,631,711],"63":[593],"except":[595,621],"S.":[597],"ureus":[599],"which":[600],"resistant.":[602],"All":[603],"microorganisms":[606],">250":[619],"\u00b5g/ml,":[620],"E.":[623],"faecalis":[624],"130":[630],"taraxerol.":[633],"cytotoxicity":[635],"investigated":[645],"tetrazolium-based":[648],"colorimetric":[649],"assay":[650,660,719],"(MTT)":[651],"Vero":[653,673],"monkey":[654,674],"kidney":[655],"cells":[656,675,691],"hemagglutination":[659,718],"formaldehyde-fixed":[662],"erythrocytes":[663],"(RBCs).":[664],"towards":[671,726],"LC50":[678,694,708],"0.076":[680],"mg/ml.":[681],"Compounds":[682],"1":[683,738],"3":[685,740],"no":[687,742],"greater":[695],"than":[696],"200":[697],"\u00b5g/ml.":[698],"5":[701,746],"6.16":[710],"3.36":[713],"/ml,":[714],"Also":[716],"toxic":[725],"RBCs":[728],"HA":[731,750],"titer":[732,751],"1.6.":[735],"Both":[736],"agglutination":[743],"1.33":[754],"0.67,":[756]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}