{"id":"https://openalex.org/W847222707","doi":null,"title":"Cytokines and tuberculosis : an investigation of tuberculous lung tissue and a comparison with sarcoidosis","display_name":"Cytokines and tuberculosis : an investigation of tuberculous lung tissue and a comparison with sarcoidosis","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W847222707","mag":"847222707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/1453","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400300","display_name":"SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","host_organization_name":"Stellenbosch University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112077230","display_name":"Juanita Bezuidenhout","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juanita Bezuidenhout","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112077230"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.6836000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.6836000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11571","display_name":"Sarcoidosis and Beryllium Toxicity Research","score":0.3122999966144562,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis","display_name":"tuberculosis","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sarcoidosis","display_name":"sarcoidosis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granuloma","display_name":"granuloma","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-expression","display_name":"cytokine expression","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-gamma","display_name":"interferon-gamma","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tnf-alpha","display_name":"TNF-\u03b1","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-12","display_name":"IL-12","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-4","display_name":"IL-4","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/th1-th2-balance","display_name":"Th1/Th2 balance","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-coinfection","display_name":"HIV coinfection","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculous-pleurisy","display_name":"pleural tuberculosis","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granuloma-necrosis","display_name":"granuloma necrosis","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granulomatous-inflammation","display_name":"granulomatous inflammation","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histological-grading","display_name":"histological grading","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-mrna-expression","display_name":"cytokine mRNA expression","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-situ-hybridization","display_name":"in situ hybridization","score":0.6930000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781301800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193894","display_name":"Sarcoidosis","level":2,"score":0.9085770845413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.7151111364364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6415473818778992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.5454488396644592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.42839545011520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.41246268153190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2272336483001709}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/1453","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400300","display_name":"SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","host_organization_name":"Stellenbosch University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:847222707","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.sun.ac.za:443/bitstream/10019.1/1453/1/bezuidenhout_cytokines_2005.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":185,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493216","https://openalex.org/W6382473","https://openalex.org/W90568390","https://openalex.org/W180867511","https://openalex.org/W222343489","https://openalex.org/W1426255103","https://openalex.org/W1486002030","https://openalex.org/W1487729161","https://openalex.org/W1487924901","https://openalex.org/W1494918516","https://openalex.org/W1512698525","https://openalex.org/W1521353535","https://openalex.org/W1531605330","https://openalex.org/W1535307867","https://openalex.org/W1538245603","https://openalex.org/W1548322053","https://openalex.org/W1552622113","https://openalex.org/W1553420527","https://openalex.org/W1597426933","https://openalex.org/W1623271373","https://openalex.org/W1634459475","https://openalex.org/W1648814822","https://openalex.org/W1799454977","https://openalex.org/W1819607739","https://openalex.org/W1843368655","https://openalex.org/W1853083663","https://openalex.org/W1900002499","https://openalex.org/W1904107254","https://openalex.org/W1929705279","https://openalex.org/W1934337364","https://openalex.org/W1961668980","https://openalex.org/W1963713418","https://openalex.org/W1965251152","https://openalex.org/W1965366343","https://openalex.org/W1968095991","https://openalex.org/W1968823758","https://openalex.org/W1970885558","https://openalex.org/W1971038491","https://openalex.org/W1973893754","https://openalex.org/W1974259018","https://openalex.org/W1974282283","https://openalex.org/W1974322193","https://openalex.org/W1976212756","https://openalex.org/W1976213001","https://openalex.org/W1977121504","https://openalex.org/W1978141065","https://openalex.org/W1980692649","https://openalex.org/W1983921342","https://openalex.org/W1984915015","https://openalex.org/W1985240287","https://openalex.org/W1989417613","https://openalex.org/W1991164200","https://openalex.org/W1991524518","https://openalex.org/W1993646269","https://openalex.org/W1995225418","https://openalex.org/W1996096040","https://openalex.org/W2000630392","https://openalex.org/W2001679422","https://openalex.org/W2006215236","https://openalex.org/W2008447940","https://openalex.org/W2009219530","https://openalex.org/W2009223691","https://openalex.org/W2013085335","https://openalex.org/W2016806826","https://openalex.org/W2017484317","https://openalex.org/W2018374428","https://openalex.org/W2018468591","https://openalex.org/W2019023077","https://openalex.org/W2022760428","https://openalex.org/W2022852420","https://openalex.org/W2025537386","https://openalex.org/W2026488427","https://openalex.org/W2027657858","https://openalex.org/W2029523792","https://openalex.org/W2035288424","https://openalex.org/W2036890038","https://openalex.org/W2038256546","https://openalex.org/W2040142076","https://openalex.org/W2044273291","https://openalex.org/W2045732322","https://openalex.org/W2046276816","https://openalex.org/W2050937329","https://openalex.org/W2052300801","https://openalex.org/W2053900723","https://openalex.org/W2054415380","https://openalex.org/W2056978765","https://openalex.org/W2061420251","https://openalex.org/W2062811432","https://openalex.org/W2065658311","https://openalex.org/W2065791817","https://openalex.org/W2067268437","https://openalex.org/W2067620134","https://openalex.org/W2069441827","https://openalex.org/W2071742211","https://openalex.org/W2072380594","https://openalex.org/W2074698820","https://openalex.org/W2076228603","https://openalex.org/W2077022677","https://openalex.org/W2077884399","https://openalex.org/W2078913334","https://openalex.org/W2081061814","https://openalex.org/W2081354672","https://openalex.org/W2081510407","https://openalex.org/W2082995652","https://openalex.org/W2083726090","https://openalex.org/W2086063941","https://openalex.org/W2089242226","https://openalex.org/W2092784256","https://openalex.org/W2094174707","https://openalex.org/W2096132976","https://openalex.org/W2096428863","https://openalex.org/W2097106414","https://openalex.org/W2101912413","https://openalex.org/W2102235987","https://openalex.org/W2106462617","https://openalex.org/W2107140931","https://openalex.org/W2107174064","https://openalex.org/W2107270161","https://openalex.org/W2109484445","https://openalex.org/W2110405255","https://openalex.org/W2110692378","https://openalex.org/W2114004413","https://openalex.org/W2115438354","https://openalex.org/W2116014786","https://openalex.org/W2117206496","https://openalex.org/W2123432499","https://openalex.org/W2124102081","https://openalex.org/W2126227426","https://openalex.org/W2127059220","https://openalex.org/W2127902153","https://openalex.org/W2130046741","https://openalex.org/W2133392185","https://openalex.org/W2134768631","https://openalex.org/W2135662670","https://openalex.org/W2137479820","https://openalex.org/W2139183286","https://openalex.org/W2140612321","https://openalex.org/W2141392933","https://openalex.org/W2141912213","https://openalex.org/W2144217393","https://openalex.org/W2145892618","https://openalex.org/W2152776307","https://openalex.org/W2153277657","https://openalex.org/W2157376708","https://openalex.org/W2157583044","https://openalex.org/W2157592143","https://openalex.org/W2159578627","https://openalex.org/W2160044020","https://openalex.org/W2160482426","https://openalex.org/W2160818737","https://openalex.org/W2160823100","https://openalex.org/W2162149209","https://openalex.org/W2162293620","https://openalex.org/W2163188970","https://openalex.org/W2165637297","https://openalex.org/W2167017590","https://openalex.org/W2170206314","https://openalex.org/W2170904073","https://openalex.org/W2170916957","https://openalex.org/W2171231066","https://openalex.org/W2171378660","https://openalex.org/W2172009888","https://openalex.org/W2172107029","https://openalex.org/W2187116198","https://openalex.org/W2189215189","https://openalex.org/W2242935671","https://openalex.org/W2317145780","https://openalex.org/W2319922541","https://openalex.org/W2335496717","https://openalex.org/W2338626563","https://openalex.org/W2342728331","https://openalex.org/W2398452756","https://openalex.org/W2399673517","https://openalex.org/W2404692489","https://openalex.org/W2411204234","https://openalex.org/W2413290547","https://openalex.org/W2413870532","https://openalex.org/W2418361551","https://openalex.org/W2429402849","https://openalex.org/W2462768047","https://openalex.org/W2508123935","https://openalex.org/W2513416413","https://openalex.org/W2971193619","https://openalex.org/W4247403759","https://openalex.org/W4313333717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1843368655","https://openalex.org/W2403854621","https://openalex.org/W2045732322","https://openalex.org/W2002080223","https://openalex.org/W2050264993","https://openalex.org/W7096005970","https://openalex.org/W6999568379","https://openalex.org/W3138676102","https://openalex.org/W2238539059","https://openalex.org/W2117964443"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,178,445,482],"formation":[1,26],"of":[2,7,19,37,44,57,129,150,180,255,288,311,322,344,358,370,390,399,423,428,448,459,470,480,491,528,548,564,573],"granulomas":[3,146,186,223,245,549],"at":[4,429,474],"the":[5,42,55,81,100,109,113,134,251,268,306,320,342,359,363,367,375,387,404,468,478,485,489,514,529,543,574],"site":[6,43],"antigen":[8,114,530,544],"presentation":[9],"in":[10,65,92,108,145,147,153,170,199,227,243,259,265,275,294,301,328,335,361,374,412,414,442,498,546],"both":[11,295],"tuberculosis":[12,151,169,181,330],"and":[13,35,39,46,87,126,152,173,176,198,208,241,297,349,488,562],"sarcoidosis":[14,183,193,340],"is":[15,27,52,71,78,277,379,456,465,567],"an":[16,263,309,457],"essential":[17],"component":[18],"host":[20],"immunity":[21],"for":[22,80,204,319],"controlling":[23],"inflammation.":[24,444],"Granuloma":[25],"a":[28,49,66,74,93,216,236,285,315,345,407,436,460,471,520,555],"complex":[29,462],"process":[30],"that":[31,73,88,136,246,270,308,381,393,406,467],"also":[32,578],"requires":[33],"recruitment":[34],"activation":[36,56],"lymphocytes":[38],"macrophages":[40],"to":[41,98,103,250,317,333,495,541],"infection":[45],"arrangement":[47],"into":[48],"granuloma.":[50],"It":[51,378,464],"dependant":[53],"on":[54,477],"especially":[58],"IFN\u03b3":[59,77,101,260,272],"secreting":[60],"CD4+":[61],"T":[62,437],"cells,":[63],"resulting":[64,91],"Th1":[67,296,348,409,506,557],"profile.":[68,377],"However,":[69],"it":[70,137,394],"suggested":[72],"persistently":[75],"high":[76,271],"responsible":[79],"damage":[82],"caused":[83],"by":[84,141,284],"granulomatous":[85,443],"disease":[86,110,276,391,501,538],"moderating":[89],"cytokines,":[90,487],"Th0":[94,217,353],"profile,":[95],"are":[96,440],"necessary":[97],"down-regulate":[99],"response":[102,354,439,507,558],"more":[104,225],"appropriate":[105],"levels":[106,273,490,583],"later":[107,274,411],"process,":[111],"after":[112],"has":[115],"been":[116],"effectively":[117,512],"contained.":[118],"I":[119],"propose":[120],"that:":[121],"\u201cCytokine":[122],"profiles":[123,144],"determine":[124],"clinical":[125,368],"histopathological":[127],"phenotypes":[128],"disease.":[130,400,481],"This":[131,279],"thesis":[132],"tests":[133],"hypothesis":[135],"will":[138,523,531,584],"be":[139,248,282,314,509,524,533,560,579,585],"reflected":[140,373],"cytokine":[142,299,376,472],"expression":[143],"different":[148],"forms":[149],"sarcoidosis.\u201d":[154],"To":[155],"examine":[156],"this,":[157],"biopsy":[158],"tissue":[159],"was":[160,184,202,219,235,355],"obtained":[161],"from":[162],"patients":[163,212,304,371],"with":[164,213,262,416,550],"pulmonary":[165,329],"cavitary":[166],"tuberculosis,":[167,215],"pleural":[168,214,336],"HIV":[171,228,231,302],"sero-negative":[172],"sero-positive":[174],"patients,":[175],"sarcoidosis.":[177],"diagnosis":[179],"or":[182,191,366,392,500],"confirmed,":[185],"were":[187,195,224,331,372],"characterised":[188],"as":[189,421,526,534],"necrotic":[190,222],"non-necrotic,":[192],"cases":[194,341,425],"graded":[196],"histologically":[197],"situ":[200],"hybridisation":[201],"performed":[203],"IL-12-,":[205],"IFN\u03b3-,":[206],"TNF\u03b1-":[207],"IL-4-mRNA.":[209],"In":[210,338,536],"all":[211,339],"profile":[218,383],"noted,":[220],"while":[221,581],"evident":[226],"positive":[229,290,303],"than":[230],"negative":[232],"patients.":[233],"There":[234],"clear":[237,466],"association":[238],"between":[239,484],"TNF\u03b1":[240,289,417],"necrosis":[242,552],"tuberculous":[244],"may":[247,281,313,395,418,508,559,577],"ascribed":[249],"increased":[252],"apoptotic":[253],"activity":[254],"TNF\u03b1.":[256],"An":[257,292,503,569],"increase":[258,264,293],"correlated":[261],"necrosis,":[266],"supporting":[267],"theory":[269,307,405],"detrimental.":[278],"effect":[280,469,566],"enhanced":[283],"strong":[286,347,408,571],"presence":[287,343,410,522,572],"cells.":[291],"Th2":[298,521],"mRNA":[300],"supports":[305],"overproduction":[310],"cytokines":[312,493,576],"mechanism":[316],"compensate":[318],"failure":[321,540],"another":[323],"immune":[324],"effector":[325],"mechanism.":[326],"Findings":[327],"similar":[332],"those":[334],"tuberculosis.":[337],"very":[346,461],"TNF\u03b1,":[350],"but":[351],"no":[352],"confirmed.":[356],"None":[357],"differences":[360],"either":[362],"histological":[364,388],"grading,":[365],"outcome":[369],"possible":[380],"this":[382,518,565],"does":[384],"not":[385,532],"reflect":[386,396],"grade":[389],"various":[397,486,575],"stages":[398],"These":[401],"findings":[402],"support":[403],"disease,":[413],"conjunction":[415],"induce":[419],"fibrosis,":[420,554],"most":[422],"these":[424,492],"showed":[426],"signs":[427],"least":[430,475],"focal":[431],"fibrosis.":[432],"Numerous":[433],"aspects,":[434],"including":[435],"helper":[438],"involved":[441],"earlier":[446],"dogma":[447],"good,":[449],"beneficial":[450,510],"(Th1)":[451],"versus":[452],"evil,":[453],"detrimental":[454,561],"(Th2),":[455],"oversimplification":[458],"process.":[463],"depends":[473],"partially":[476],"stage":[479],"balance":[483],"contribute":[494],"their":[496],"role":[497],"resolution":[499],"progression.":[502],"early,":[504],"pure":[505],"if":[511],"clearing":[513,527],"granuloma-inducing":[515],"antigen.":[516],"At":[517],"stage,":[519],"harmful":[525],"effective.":[535],"chronic":[537],"where":[539],"remove":[542],"results":[545],"progression":[547],"subsequent":[551],"and/or":[553],"proinflammatory":[556],"minimising":[563],"needed.":[568],"overly":[570],"detrimental,":[580],"lower":[582],"beneficial.":[586]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}