{"id":"https://openalex.org/W840098779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr5.10092005.8","title":"Speechreading and Aging","display_name":"Speechreading and Aging","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W840098779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr5.10092005.8","mag":"840098779"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1044/leader.ftr5.10092005.8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr5.10092005.8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr5.10092005.8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764768849","display_name":"ASHA Leader","issn_l":"1085-9586","issn":["1085-9586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320281","host_organization_name":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320281"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The ASHA Leader","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001547604","display_name":"Nancy Tye\u2010Murray","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy Tye-Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112317418","display_name":"Mitchell S. Sommers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3678"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitchell Sommers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032889938","display_name":"Brent Spehar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-1118","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-1118"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent Spehar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3299,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5764159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"9","first_page":"8","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10283","display_name":"Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10283","display_name":"Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.017000000923871994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.012000000104308128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lip-reading","display_name":"lip reading","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-hearing-loss","display_name":"age-related hearing loss","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiovisual-speech-perception","display_name":"audiovisual speech perception","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-speech-cues","display_name":"visual speech cues","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baby-boomers","display_name":"baby boomers","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hearing-aids","display_name":"hearing aids","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensatory-strategies","display_name":"compensatory strategies","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-perception-in-noise","display_name":"speech perception in noise","score":0.3700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910309083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069953","display_name":"Speechreading","level":2,"score":0.978529691696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.6287072896957397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4243164658546448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36378881335258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3275834321975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.06060054898262024}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1044/leader.ftr5.10092005.8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr5.10092005.8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr5.10092005.8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764768849","display_name":"ASHA Leader","issn_l":"1085-9586","issn":["1085-9586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320281","host_organization_name":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320281"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The ASHA Leader","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W795267389","https://openalex.org/W2752789760","https://openalex.org/W4239796705","https://openalex.org/W7096621850","https://openalex.org/W2020760232","https://openalex.org/W758351830","https://openalex.org/W4416029788","https://openalex.org/W1984473250","https://openalex.org/W2041976202","https://openalex.org/W2021425020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"You":[0],"have":[1,277,305,377,495,1363,1477,1839,1848,1884,2076,2084,2213],"accessThe":[2],"ASHA":[3],"LeaderFeature1":[4],"Jul":[5,2556],"2005Speechreading":[6],"and":[7,19,41,89,133,163,193,226,240,299,303,326,347,386,402,419,456,484,517,564,582,632,677,687,704,736,757,769,793,810,834,842,848,872,945,982,1013,1047,1056,1107,1162,1235,1249,1266,1278,1296,1303,1346,1370,1398,1425,1536,1550,1562,1581,1589,1603,1666,1672,1749,1755,1793,1826,1844,1859,1869,1891,1923,1968,2003,2013,2043,2060,2063,2105,2117,2157,2242,2306,2317,2356,2380,2452,2464,2523,2537],"AgingHow":[8],"Growing":[9],"Old":[10],"Affects":[11],"Face-to-Face":[12],"Speech":[13,421],"Perception":[14,422],"Nancy":[15,22,2439],"Tye-Murray,":[16,332,2440],"Mitchell":[17,32,2473],"Sommers":[18,33],"Brent":[20,42,2487],"Spehar":[21,43],"Tye-Murray":[23],"Google":[24,34,44],"Scholar":[25,35,45],"More":[26,36,46],"articles":[27,37,47],"by":[28,38,48,86,575,875,922,979,1974,2341,2432],"this":[29,39,49,598,829,901,953,967,1227,1238,1297,1515,1614,1698,1709,1767,1798,1806,1832,1996,2127],"author":[30,40,50,2453],",":[31],"https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR5.10092005.8":[51],"SectionsAbout":[52],"ToolsAdd":[53],"to":[54,236,308,320,329,334,358,360,451,504,511,518,523,539,590,604,644,789,816,832,846,857,1119,1168,1191,1204,1314,1324,1340,1352,1357,1382,1413,1420,1435,1451,1457,1465,1482,1497,1584,1594,1636,1715,1822,1834,1877,1888,1894,1928,1943,1952,2009,2087,2110,2123,2148,2228,2256,2267,2300,2392,2406,2532,2548],"favorites":[55],"ShareFacebookTwitterLinked":[56],"In":[57,365,651,668,750,783,900,952,1109,1766,1830,1935,1993],"It":[58],"is":[59,71,77,90,110,115,202,344,440,529,558,572,600,636,855,920,968,1173,1332,1379,1393,1419,1448,1464,1472,1517,1700,1712,1776,1809,1941,1972,1983,1998,2017,2026,2032,2099,2131,2138,2185,2211,2441,2475,2489],"evident":[60],"that":[61,116,203,389,403,601,638,721,969,1174,1206,1308,1333,1392,1399,1518,1569,1610,1690,1704,1716,1805,1837,1948,1978,2016,2033,2048,2098,2106,2139,2162,2186,2239,2352,2413],"America,":[62],"as":[63,65,93,371,411,431,634,815,880,1020,1022,1166,1181,1183,1212,1214,1269,1811,1815,2001,2115,2199,2201],"well":[64,113,1182],"the":[66,69,79,96,120,129,150,177,191,214,227,246,278,301,306,317,324,350,367,390,404,412,424,449,465,472,476,485,509,520,537,559,576,656,675,680,685,693,695,700,714,737,747,801,823,839,858,865,870,888,903,912,923,955,970,975,987,1026,1035,1039,1066,1070,1078,1082,1132,1148,1156,1164,1171,1189,1193,1218,1247,1322,1368,1430,1452,1495,1545,1554,1559,1565,1579,1601,1617,1629,1657,1669,1680,1685,1694,1705,1729,1752,1769,1781,1791,1816,1824,1835,1901,1917,2007,2021,2034,2049,2143,2182,2191,2205,2249,2259,2313,2335,2348,2363,2374,2398,2416,2421,2455],"rest":[67],"of":[68,95,103,126,131,179,190,216,229,250,286,369,392,406,427,434,482,487,501,561,597,614,620,628,679,709,763,803,867,965,974,1009,1028,1042,1052,1059,1069,1081,1113,1134,1196,1220,1232,1251,1272,1318,1375,1390,1406,1432,1514,1523,1528,1534,1571,1631,1648,1663,1682,1717,1746,1764,1773,1780,1800,1865,1919,1937,1946,1959,2023,2027,2036,2068,2091,2151,2166,2207,2245,2261,2280,2289,2295,2303,2337,2350,2377,2384,2420,2425,2450,2454,2458,2497,2520],"world,":[70],"getting":[72],"older.":[73],"Age-related":[74],"hearing":[75,117,165,174,252,342,356,457,777,1163,1170,2320],"loss":[76,118,166,343],"currently":[78],"third":[80,1741],"most":[81,247,279,340],"prevalent":[82,141],"chronic":[83,2307],"disability":[84],"faced":[85],"older":[87,144,275,353,764,847,1015,1061,1092,1122,1175,1207,1267,1279,1287,1334,1360,1843,1858,1881,1933,2194,2253,2342,2426],"adults":[88,276,354,773,850,1016,1024,1055,1093,1123,1130,1176,1208,1216,1268,1280,1288,1335,1361,1882,2195,2343],"consistently":[91],"ranked":[92],"one":[94,708,1145,1311,1490,1994],"top":[97,1067],"five":[98,467],"factors":[99,521],"affecting":[100],"overall":[101,1726],"quality":[102],"life":[104],"for":[105,143,221,336,352,436,475,778,807,828,925,1005,1038,1049,1073,1085,1147,1264,1300,1395,1417,1540,1577,1613,1697,1708,1857,1965,1981,1989,2041,2057,2142,2153,2163,2187,2251,2334,2347],"persons":[106],"over":[107,927],"65.":[108],"What":[109,2025],"perhaps":[111],"less":[112,264,1100,1126,1338,1777],"known":[114,879],"in":[119,136,199,213,258,266,492,498,508,535,554,579,648,664,746,761,796,822,838,906,915,941,948,999,1152,1284,1321,1355,1403,1440,1553,1558,1564,1616,1668,1684,1693,1725,1751,1789,1854,1875,1932,2020,2170,2220,2233,2286,2554],"slightly":[121],"younger":[122,770,849,1023,1104,1129,1184,1215,1277,1294,1845,1860,2202],"cohort,":[123],"made":[124],"up":[125,2285],"people":[127,217],"between":[128,2038],"ages":[130],"46":[132],"64,":[134],"is,":[135],"absolute":[137],"numbers,":[138],"even":[139],"more":[140,156,416,2044,2111,2188,2226,2269,2370],"than":[142,169,1103,1128,1292,1778,1955,2218,2230],"adults.":[145,1062,1105,1185,1934,2427],"For":[146],"example,":[147,934,1541],"estimates":[148],"from":[149,161,453,513,541,993,1025,1131,1159,1217,1326,1841,1963,2073,2101,2134,2178,2204,2258,2400],"National":[151],"Health":[152],"Interview":[153],"Survey":[154],"suggest":[155,1307,2161],"baby":[157,2281],"boomers":[158,2282],"are":[159,171,262,586,611,725,744,1072,1084,1336,1590,1907,2121,2172,2224,2231,2237,2390],"suffering":[160],"moderate":[162],"severe":[164],"(10":[167],"million)":[168],"there":[170,439],"Americans":[172],"with":[173,355,373,461,625,774,800,986,1329,1429,1661,1759,1862,1986,2078,2215],"impairments":[175,357,2223,2321],"above":[176],"age":[178,228,506,766,997,2069,2168,2314],"65":[180,767],"(9":[181],"million).":[182],"The":[183,551,595,718,726,731,826,991,1957,2277],"bottom":[184,1079],"line,":[185],"says":[186],"Martha":[187],"Storandt,":[188],"director":[189],"Aging":[192],"Development":[194],"Program":[195],"at":[196,380,471,478,489,546,1309,1644,1915,1924,2446,2470,2479,2484,2493,2501],"Washington":[197,479,490,2447,2480,2494],"University":[198,480,491,2448,2495],"St.":[200,493],"Louis,":[201],"\u201cthe":[204],"next":[205,1111,1349],"20":[206],"years":[207,468],"will":[208,234,2327,2403],"see":[209,298,1246],"an":[210,672,907,916,936,942,949,1422,1441,1467,1473,1645,1813,2287,2476],"unprecedented":[211,2290],"growth":[212],"number":[215,1405],"demanding":[218],"effective":[219,265],"treatments":[220],"age-related":[222,341,609,1150,1319,2319],"speech":[223,259,311,363,375,394,399,408,429,515,543,556,566,584,759,1030,1136,1198,1223,1343,1828,1921,1930,2209,2263,2271,2323,2339,2417],"perception":[224,400,557,760,1231,1922,2022,2324],"deficits,":[225],"those":[230,272],"requiring":[231],"audiological":[232,2360],"services":[233],"continue":[235],"decrease.\u201d":[237],"Watch,":[238],"Listen,":[239],"Learn":[241],"Although":[242,1275,2119],"sensory":[243,2378],"aids,":[244,253],"especially":[245],"recent":[248,1976],"generation":[249,2279],"digital":[251],"can":[254,296,1089,1949,2107,2368,2414],"provide":[255,2369],"substantial":[256],"improvements":[257],"perception,":[260,376],"they":[261,2212,2311,2326],"often":[263],"noisy":[267],"or":[268,588,617,671,706,1597,1991,2175],"reverberant":[269],"environments,":[270],"exactly":[271],"situations":[273,290],"where":[274,294,1243,2315,2387],"difficulty":[280,1364,2214],"understanding":[281,1918,1931,2383],"spoken":[282],"language.":[283],"Fortunately,":[284],"many":[285],"these":[287,784,1926,2082,2164],"difficult":[288],"listening":[289,413,462,2385],"involve":[291],"face-to-face":[292],"conversations":[293],"listeners":[295,786],"both":[297,323,454,869,1160,1276,1578,1790,2304,2354],"hear":[300],"talker":[302,682,1165],"thus":[304],"opportunity":[307,351],"use":[309,316,361,1421,2010,2336],"visual":[310,327,362,393,407,428,514,542,583,853,873,881,956,983,1000,1029,1086,1101,1135,1153,1197,1222,1342,1371,1892,1979,1987,2039,2208,2262,2338],"information":[312,395,409,430,443,516,544,989,1366,2210,2264,2340],"(i.e.,":[313,1044,1155],"lipreading;":[314],"we":[315,722,754,1115,1143,1229,1607,1626,1642,1688,1734,1802,1838,1847,2075,2094,2120,2140,2236,2396],"term":[318,2095],"speechreading":[319],"denote":[321],"using":[322,887,1240,1925],"auditory":[325,581,861,871,981,1257,1369,1890],"signal":[328,854],"recognize":[330,645],"speech,":[331],"2004)":[333],"compensate":[335],"reduced":[337,437,1886,2174],"audibility.":[338],"Moreover,":[339],"acquired":[345],"gradually":[346],"therefore":[348,1591],"provides":[349,1520],"learn":[359],"information.":[364,1031,1137,1258,1344,1829],"fact,":[366],"benefits":[368,2376],"auditory-visual,":[370,1327],"compared":[372,460,985,1328,1450],"auditory-only":[374,824,840,917,928,1330,1424,1535,1555,1580,1602,1792,1825],"been":[378,496,1401,2146],"documented":[379],"least":[381,547,1310],"since":[382],"1954,":[383],"when":[384,851,2265],"Sumby":[385],"Pollack":[387],"demonstrated":[388],"addition":[391,1027,1133,1219,1356,1876,2206,2260],"could":[396,1245],"significantly":[397],"improve":[398,1929],"performance":[401,624,821,837,929,1037,1097,1263,1439,1447,1480,1605,1612,1634,1640,1692,1727,1763,1788],"importance":[405,426,1958],"increased":[410],"situation":[414],"became":[415],"difficult.":[417],"Age":[418,1106,1345],"Auditory-Visual":[420],"Despite":[423],"well-documented":[425],"a":[432,458,499,532,592,612,618,652,661,665,669,689,852,877,932,1050,1057,1221,1270,1404,1521,1531,1653,1740,1885,2066,2089,2135,2179,2381,2442,2490],"means":[433],"compensating":[435],"audibility,":[438],"relatively":[441],"little":[442],"about":[444,2373],"how":[445,1459],"aging":[446,639,1187],"might":[447,1124],"affect":[448,641],"ability":[450,510,538,643,1190,1323,1887,2008,2255],"benefit":[452,512,540,866,978,1019,1127,1211,1325,2198,2257],"seeing":[455,1161],"talker,":[459],"alone.":[463,990],"Over":[464],"past":[466],"our":[469,751,994,1110,1140,1252,1315,1718,1736,1905,1975,2158,2401],"laboratories":[470,1906],"Central":[473],"Institute":[474],"Deaf":[477],"School":[481,2449,2496],"Medicine":[483,2451],"Department":[486],"Psychology":[488],"Louis":[494],"engaged":[497],"program":[500],"research":[502,657,2444,2491],"designed":[503],"investigate":[505,1226],"differences":[507,998,1724,1853,2169],"examine":[519,1120,1414],"contributing":[522,1313],"any":[524,607],"such":[525,2114,2366,2388],"differences.":[526],"Our":[527,1348,2331],"approach":[528,830,1516,1833],"based":[530,1678,2409],"on":[531,684,713,1065,1077,1139,1679,1739,1797,1900,1909],"general":[533,1141],"framework":[534,599],"which":[536,580,1498],"requires":[545],"two":[548,1782,1818],"independent":[549,1527],"processes.":[550],"first":[552,1719,2144],"stage":[553,571],"auditory-visual":[555,673,758,908,1074,1096,1442,1455,1479,1566,1587,1618,1633,1673,1695,1756,1762,1920],"encoding":[560,570,1195],"unimodal":[562],"(auditory-only":[563],"visual-only)":[565],"signals.":[567],"This":[568,1444,2293,2428],"initial":[569,752,1194,2332],"then":[573,1449,1608,1627],"followed":[574],"second":[577,1654],"component":[578],"signals":[585,874],"integrated":[587],"combined":[589],"form":[591],"unified":[593],"perception.":[594],"advantage":[596],"it":[602,635,1200,1378,1519,1940],"serves":[603],"identify":[605,790],"whether":[606],"observed":[608,1149,1849,2077],"changes":[610,2070],"consequence":[613],"encoding,":[615,1529,1964],"integration,":[616,1961],"combination":[619],"both.":[621],"We":[622,863],"measure":[623,878,958,1383,1389,1707,2090],"three":[626,719,742,1007,1040],"levels":[627],"stimuli:":[629],"consonants,":[630,791,1045,1233,1301,1418],"words,":[631,792,1012,1046,1234,1302,1966,2058],"sentences,":[633,1967,2059],"possible":[637,977,1381],"may":[640,1177,2053,2064,2196],"one\u2019s":[642],"stimulus":[646,702,812,1273],"types":[647,1008,2165],"different":[649,1730,2056,2072],"ways.":[650],"typical":[653],"testing":[654,2367],"scenario,":[655],"participant":[658,696,809,1542,1720],"sits":[659],"before":[660],"computer":[662],"monitor":[663,686,715],"sound-treated":[666],"booth.":[667],"visual-only":[670,1241,1262,1426,1537,1560,1582,1604,1794,1827],"condition,":[674,1556,1561],"head":[676,1248],"shoulders":[678],"test":[681,701,1660,1738],"appears":[683],"speaks":[688],"stimulus.":[690,862],"Depending":[691],"upon":[692],"test,":[694,1687],"either":[697,1595,1779,2173],"repeats":[698],"verbatim":[699],"(words":[703],"sentences)":[705,1014,1048],"touches":[707],"several":[710,1910],"response":[711],"options":[712],"touchscreen":[716],"(consonants).":[717],"tests":[720,743,2351],"typically":[723],"administer":[724],"Iowa":[727,738,1546],"Consonant":[728,1547],"Confusion":[729,1548],"Test,":[730,735],"Children\u2019s":[732],"Audiovisual":[733],"Enhancement":[734],"Sentence":[739],"Test.":[740],"These":[741,1305],"described":[745],"sidebar":[748],"above.":[749],"studies,":[753],"measured":[755],"auditory-only,":[756,1670,1753],"groups":[762],"(over":[765],"years)":[768],"(18\u201325":[771],"yrs)":[772],"clinically":[775],"normal":[776],"frequencies":[779],"below":[780,1501],"4":[781],"kHz.":[782],"investigations,":[785,1114],"were":[787,1002,1289],"asked":[788],"sentences":[794,1236,2004],"presented":[795],"six-talker":[797],"background":[798],"babble,":[799],"level":[802],"babble":[804],"adjusted":[805],"individually":[806,2408],"each":[808,811],"type":[813],"so":[814],"produce":[817],"approximately":[818,961,1649,1701,1774],"50%":[819,939],"identification":[820],"condition.":[825,951,1443],"rationale":[827],"was":[831,1298,1351,2430],"try":[833],"equate":[835],"baseline":[836],"condition":[841,909,918,944,1567,1619,1696],"observe":[843],"what":[844,2074,2130],"happens":[845],"added":[856],"partially":[859],"masked":[860],"evaluated":[864],"having":[868],"computing":[876],"enhancement":[882,957,1001,1102,1154,1980,1988,2040,2052],"(Sumby":[883],"&":[884,2564],"Pollack,":[885],"1954),":[886],"following":[889],"formula:":[890],"VE":[891],"=":[892],"(AV":[893],"-":[894,898],"A)":[895,899],"/":[896],"(1":[897],"computation,":[902],"proportion":[904,913],"correct":[905,914,940,947],"(AV)":[910],"minus":[911],"(V),":[919],"divided":[921],"room":[924],"improvement":[926,1157],"(1-A).":[930],"As":[931,1088,1487,2310],"simple":[933],"suppose":[935,1652,1733],"individual":[937,971,1463,1615,1655,1699,1710,1742,1808],"obtained":[938,972,1158,1478,1632,1744],"A":[943,988,1510,1543,2273],"80%":[946,1563],"AV":[950],"case,":[954,1768],"would":[959,1201,1476,1620,1803,2344],"be":[960,1090,1202,1621,1950,2054,2108,2393,2404],"66%.":[962],"Another":[963],"way":[964,1522],"stating":[966],"66%":[973],"maximum":[976,1504],"combining":[980],"information,":[984,1199],"results":[992],"studies":[995,1408,2125,2160,2333,2402],"examining":[996],"quite":[1003],"clear;":[1004],"all":[1006],"stimuli":[1010,1043,1953,2046,2156],"(consonants,":[1011],"did":[1017],"not":[1018,1178,1210,1380,1592,1810,1984,1999,2018,2197],"much":[1021,1213,2200],"Figure":[1032,1259],"1":[1033],"presents":[1034],"average":[1036],"kinds":[1041],"group":[1051,1058,2294],"50":[1053,1060],"young":[1054,1265],"Averages":[1063,1076],"shown":[1064],"side":[1068,1080],"graph":[1071,1083],"conditions.":[1075,1731,1795],"enhancement.":[1087],"seen,":[1091],"exhibited":[1094,1281],"poorer":[1095,1290],"and,":[1098],"consequently,":[1099],"Lipreading":[1108,2222],"set":[1112,1117],"further":[1116],"out":[1118],"why":[1121],"exhibit":[1125],"Based":[1138,1796,1899],"framework,":[1142],"thought":[1144],"reason":[1146,2193],"deficits":[1151,1320,2219,2232],"opposed":[1167],"only":[1169],"talker)":[1172],"read":[1179],"lips":[1180],"If":[1186,1625],"impairs":[1188],"perform":[1192],"unsurprising":[1203],"find":[1205],"do":[1209],"signal.":[1224],"To":[1225],"possibility,":[1228],"examined":[1230],"but":[1237,1254],"time":[1239],"presentations,":[1242],"participants":[1244],"neck":[1250],"talkers,":[1253],"without":[1255],"accompanying":[1256],"2":[1260],"displays":[1261],"function":[1271],"type.":[1274],"considerable":[1282],"variability":[1283],"lipreading":[1285,1879,2355],"performance,":[1286,1494,1588,1801],"lipreaders":[1291],"their":[1293,1437,1483,1502,1506],"counterparts":[1295,2203],"true":[1299],"sentences.":[1304,1992,2118],"findings":[1306,1902,1977,2399],"factor":[1312],"earlier":[1316],"finding":[1317],"presentations":[1331],"simply":[1337],"able":[1339,2147],"extract":[1341],"Integration":[1347],"task":[1350],"determine":[1353,1458,1609],"whether,":[1354],"impaired":[1358,1878],"lipreading,":[1359,1376,2216],"also":[1362,1883],"integrating":[1365],"across":[1367,1530,1728],"modalities.":[1372],"Unlike":[1373],"measures":[1374,1570,1945,2150],"however,":[1377,2031],"integration":[1384,1391,1415,1508,1525,1572,1646,1706,1770,1855,1863,1947,2092,2096,2152,2171,2357],"abilities":[1385,1416,1821,2358,2419],"directly.":[1386],"One":[1387],"indirect":[1388],"available":[1394,2019],"consonants":[1396,1623,1982,2042],"only,":[1397],"has":[1400,2283,2297],"used":[1402,2405],"other":[1407,1817,1954,2061,2243,2318],"(Braida,":[1409],"1991;":[1410],"Grant,":[1411],"2002)":[1412],"individual\u2019s":[1423,1453],"scores":[1427,1551,1662,1745,1856],"along":[1428],"pattern":[1431,1681,1799,2067],"consonant":[1433,1574,1658,1686,1737,1895],"confusions":[1434,1683],"predict":[1436,1585,1689],"optimal":[1438,1446,1468,1474,1485,1493,1586,1611,1637,1691,1761],"predicted":[1445,1484,1503,1760],"actual":[1454],"score":[1456,1500,1647],"close":[1460],"th":[1461],"e":[1462],"being":[1466],"integrator.":[1469],"Someone":[1470],"who":[1471,1743],"integrator":[1475,1814],"equivalent":[1481],"performance.":[1486],"almost":[1488],"no":[1489],"ever":[1491,2422],"achieves":[1492],"extent":[1496],"individuals":[1499,2006,2296],"reflects":[1505],"relative":[1507],"ability.":[1509],"particularly":[1511,2132],"appealing":[1512],"feature":[1513],"comparing":[1524],"abilities,":[1526,1880],"wide":[1532],"range":[1533],"scores.":[1538],"Suppose,":[1539],"completes":[1544,1656],"Test":[1549],"40%":[1552],"20%":[1557],"(recall":[1568],"require":[1573],"confusion":[1575,1659],"matrices":[1576],"conditions":[1583],"applicable":[1593],"word":[1596],"sentence":[1598],"material).":[1599],"Using":[1600],"measures,":[1606],"95%":[1622],"correct.":[1624],"take":[1628],"ratio":[1630,1771],"(80%)":[1635],"audi":[1638],"tory-visual":[1639],"(95%),":[1641],"arrive":[1643],".84.":[1650],"Now":[1651],"20%,":[1664],"5%,":[1665],"45%":[1667],"visual-only,":[1671,1754],"conditions,":[1674,1757],"respectively.":[1675,1873],"Further":[1676],"more,":[1677],"53%.":[1702],"Note":[1703],"(45%/53%)":[1711],"nearly":[1713],"identical":[1714],"despite":[1721,1785,1819],"rather":[1722,2217],"dramatic":[1723],"Finally,":[1732],"conducted":[1735],"60%,":[1747],"50%,":[1748],"70%":[1750],"respectively,":[1758],"95%.":[1765],"(70/95)":[1772],".74":[1775],"previous":[1783],"individuals,":[1784],"considerably":[1786],"better":[1787,1820,2382],"conclude":[1804],"last":[1807],"good":[1812],"encode":[1823],"applying":[1831],"data":[1836],"collected":[1840],"normal-hearing":[1842],"adults,":[1846,1861],"slight,":[1850],"albeit":[1851],"significant,":[1852],"ratios":[1864],"81/92":[1866],"(or":[1867,1871],".88)":[1868],"85/91":[1870],".93)":[1872],"Thus,":[1874,2177],"integrate":[1889],"cues":[1893],"identification.":[1896],"Next":[1897],"Steps":[1898],"reported":[1903],"above,":[1904],"working":[1908],"exciting":[1911,2133],"new":[1912,2128],"developments":[1913,1927],"targeted":[1914],"advancing":[1916],"terms":[1936],"theoretical":[1938],"advances,":[1939],"critical":[1942],"develop":[1944,2088,2407],"applied":[1951,2109],"consonants.":[1956,2024,2079],"measuring":[1960],"apart":[1962],"discourse":[1969],"length":[1970],"material":[1971],"highlighted":[1973],"correlated":[1985],"words":[1990,2002,2116],"sense,":[1995],"result":[1997],"surprising,":[2000],"afford":[2005],"lexical,":[2011],"semantic,":[2012],"syntactic":[2014],"knowledge":[2015],"particular":[2028],"clinical":[2029,2136,2180],"significance,":[2030],"absence":[2035],"correlations":[2037],"naturalistic":[2045,2112,2155],"suggests":[2047],"mechanisms":[2050],"underlying":[2051],"very":[2055,2071,2364],"materials,":[2062,2167],"show":[2065],"Taken":[2080],"together,":[2081],"considerations":[2083],"led":[2085],"us":[2086],"(which":[2093],"enhancement)":[2097],"derived":[2100],"basic":[2102],"probability":[2103],"formulas":[2104],"stimuli,":[2113,2190],"continuing":[2122],"conduct":[2124],"validating":[2126],"measure,":[2129],"perspective":[2137],"have,":[2141],"time,":[2145],"obtain":[2149],"highly":[2154],"preliminary":[2159],"absent.":[2176],"perspective,":[2181],"emerging":[2183],"picture":[2184],"natural":[2189,2270],"main":[2192],"integration.":[2221,2234],"certainly":[2225],"amenable":[2227],"rehabilitation":[2229,2247,2411],"Consequently,":[2235],"encouraged":[2238],"training,":[2240],"practice,":[2241],"forms":[2244],"aural":[2246,2410],"offer":[2248],"potential":[2250],"improving":[2252],"adults\u2019":[2254],"trying":[2266],"understand":[2268],"materials.":[2272],"Clearly":[2274],"Visible":[2275],"Future":[2276],"current":[2278],"grown":[2284],"era":[2288],"biomedical":[2291],"advances.":[2292],"become":[2298],"accustomed":[2299],"successful":[2301,2329],"treatment":[2302],"acute":[2305],"medical":[2308],"difficulties.":[2309],"reach":[2312],"presbycusis":[2316],"make":[2322],"difficult,":[2325],"expect":[2328],"treatment.":[2330],"strongly":[2345],"advocate":[2346],"inclusion":[2349],"assess":[2353],"during":[2359],"evaluations.":[2361],"At":[2362],"least,":[2365],"realistic":[2371],"expectations":[2372],"likely":[2375,2391],"aids":[2379,2389],"environments":[2386],"effective.":[2394],"Ultimately,":[2395],"anticipate":[2397],"strategies":[2412],"maximize":[2415],"communication":[2418],"increasing":[2423],"numbers":[2424],"work":[2429],"supported":[2431],"NIH":[2433],"NIA":[2434],"RO1":[2435],"AG018029.":[2436],"Author":[2437],"Notes":[2438],"senior":[2443],"professor":[2445,2478],"textbook,":[2456],"Foundations":[2457],"Aural":[2459],"Rehabili":[2460],"tation:":[2461],"Children,":[2462],"Adults,":[2463],"Their":[2465],"Family":[2466],"Members.":[2467],"Contact":[2468,2482,2499],"her":[2469],"[email":[2471,2485,2502],"protected].":[2472,2503],"Sommers,":[2474],"associate":[2477],"University.":[2481],"him":[2483,2500],"protected]":[2486],"Spehar,":[2488],"audiologist":[2492],"Medicine.":[2498],"Advertising":[2504,2510],"Disclaimer":[2505,2511],"|":[2506,2512],"Advertise":[2507,2513],"With":[2508,2514],"Us":[2509,2515],"Additional":[2516],"Resources":[2517],"FiguresSourcesRelatedDetailsCited":[2518],"ByJournal":[2519],"Speech,":[2521],"Language,":[2522],"Hearing":[2524],"Research65:1":[2525],"(253-273)12":[2526],"Jan":[2527],"2022Beyond":[2528],"Recognition:":[2529],"Visual":[2530],"Contributions":[2531],"Verbal":[2533],"Working":[2534],"MemorySusan":[2535],"Nittrouer":[2536],"Joanna":[2538],"H.":[2539],"Lowenstein":[2540],"Volume":[2541],"10Issue":[2542],"9July":[2543],"2005":[2544,2558,2566],"Get":[2545],"Permissions":[2546],"Add":[2547],"your":[2549],"Mendeley":[2550],"library":[2551],"History":[2552],"Published":[2553],"print:":[2555],"1,":[2557],"Metrics":[2559],"Downloaded":[2560],"485":[2561],"times":[2562],"Topicsasha-topicsleader_do_tagasha-article-typesCopyright":[2563],"Permissions\u00a9":[2565],"American":[2567],"Speech-Language-Hearing":[2568],"AssociationLoading":[2569],"...":[2570]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}