{"id":"https://openalex.org/W834592845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3828/jtep.1994.28.3.275","title":"Re-evaluating Returns to Scale in Transport","display_name":"Re-evaluating Returns to Scale in Transport","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W834592845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3828/jtep.1994.28.3.275","mag":"834592845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3828/jtep.1994.28.3.275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3828/jtep.1994.28.3.275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3828/jtep.1994.28.3.275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90477801","display_name":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy","issn_l":"0022-5258","issn":["0022-5258","1754-5951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311699","host_organization_name":"University of Bath","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Bath"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012980079","display_name":"Kefeng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1333-8356","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1333-8356"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R. Windle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Windle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"C. Grimm","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Grimm","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"T. Corsi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Corsi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012980079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9511,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89229373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"275","last_page":"286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.7329000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.7329000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.08959999680519104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12984","display_name":"Transport and Logistics Innovations","score":0.0560000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-to-scale","display_name":"returns to scale","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-size","display_name":"firm size","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-characteristics","display_name":"output characteristics","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-cost","display_name":"unit cost","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trucking-industry","display_name":"trucking industry","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-function","display_name":"cost function","score":0.3269999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.7746180295944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165083353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282942","display_name":"Returns to scale","level":3,"score":0.6227681040763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4993424415588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.47501859068870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.45467954874038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4125726819038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3609445095062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.32614022493362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.30437251925468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.26869624853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.17904499173164368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17349442839622498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1090444028377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3828/jtep.1994.28.3.275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3828/jtep.1994.28.3.275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3828/jtep.1994.28.3.275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90477801","display_name":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy","issn_l":"0022-5258","issn":["0022-5258","1754-5951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311699","host_organization_name":"University of Bath","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Bath"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:834592845","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trid.trb.org/view/554004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90477801","display_name":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy","issn_l":"0022-5258","issn":["0022-5258","1754-5951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311699","host_organization_name":"University of Bath","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Bath"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of transport economics and policy","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.47999998927116394}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37108401","https://openalex.org/W110926439","https://openalex.org/W244206196","https://openalex.org/W563329400","https://openalex.org/W608056005","https://openalex.org/W623988908","https://openalex.org/W632182559","https://openalex.org/W638762600","https://openalex.org/W644923030","https://openalex.org/W990159035","https://openalex.org/W1509454016","https://openalex.org/W1512350636","https://openalex.org/W1513602766","https://openalex.org/W1524334249","https://openalex.org/W1600054039","https://openalex.org/W1607095858","https://openalex.org/W1980310421","https://openalex.org/W2031111401","https://openalex.org/W2082181906","https://openalex.org/W2093661736","https://openalex.org/W2094514178","https://openalex.org/W2117594039","https://openalex.org/W2143114661","https://openalex.org/W2992739797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W631680951","https://openalex.org/W2075906676","https://openalex.org/W630998597","https://openalex.org/W7131636410","https://openalex.org/W1484876006","https://openalex.org/W845700945","https://openalex.org/W7017487867","https://openalex.org/W2361872663","https://openalex.org/W631295054","https://openalex.org/W1784030446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"paper":[1],"argues":[2],"that":[3,26,42],"output":[4,19],"characteristics":[5,20],"are":[6],"positively":[7],"correlated":[8],"with,":[9],"and":[10],"influenced":[11],"by,":[12],"firm":[13,16],"size.":[14],"When":[15],"size":[17],"increases,":[18],"also":[21],"change":[22],"in":[23],"a":[24],"direction":[25],"reduces":[27],"unit":[28],"costs.":[29],"Drawing":[30],"on":[31],"evidence":[32],"from":[33],"the":[34],"US":[35],"trucking":[36],"industry,":[37],"an":[38],"appropriate":[39],"specification":[40],"indicates":[41],"economies":[43],"of":[44],"scale":[45],"may":[46],"well":[47],"exist.":[48]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-04T09:36:47.201465","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
