{"id":"https://openalex.org/W82088512","doi":null,"title":"Symbiosis as a mechanism of evolution: status of cell symbiosis theory.","display_name":"Symbiosis as a mechanism of evolution: status of cell symbiosis theory.","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W82088512","mag":"82088512","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11543608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:11543608","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11543608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109864068","display_name":"Lynn Margulis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L Margulis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Boston University, MA 02215, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Boston University, MA 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068680030","display_name":"David G. Bermudes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1910-3192","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1910-3192"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Bermudes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3118,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86453778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"101","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11879","display_name":"Protist diversity and phylogeny","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11879","display_name":"Protist diversity and phylogeny","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endosymbiotic-theory","display_name":"endosymbiotic theory","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origin-of-eukaryotes","display_name":"eukaryotic origin","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origin-of-mitochondria","display_name":"origin of mitochondria","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plastid-origin","display_name":"plastid origin","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spirochetes","display_name":"spirochetes","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origin-of-species","display_name":"origin of species","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punctuated-equilibrium","display_name":"punctuated equilibrium","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbiosis","display_name":"symbiosis","score":0.847000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.9115750193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43144210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121610","display_name":"Symbiosis","level":3,"score":0.9043833613395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.5911206007003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115811362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189998","display_name":"Flagellum","level":3,"score":0.5813639163970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199733737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4531856","display_name":"Endosymbiosis","level":5,"score":0.5525064468383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190161988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231218","display_name":"Abiogenesis","level":2,"score":0.4696739614009857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.467998206615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93829228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165963","display_name":"Plastid","level":4,"score":0.45885756611824036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778182832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383453","display_name":"Buchnera","level":4,"score":0.4426245093345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018243681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19088","display_name":"Eukaryotic cell","level":3,"score":0.4295027554035187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.21895352005958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.21491998434066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.1363236904144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.06558474898338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69305403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47263","display_name":"Chloroplast","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005057","descriptor_name":"Eukaryotic Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005057","descriptor_name":"Eukaryotic Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008870","descriptor_name":"Microtubules","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008928","descriptor_name":"Mitochondria","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009685","descriptor_name":"Nuclear Envelope","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010802","descriptor_name":"Phylogeny","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011387","descriptor_name":"Prokaryotic Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011387","descriptor_name":"Prokaryotic Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013559","descriptor_name":"Symbiosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015388","descriptor_name":"Organelles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018087","descriptor_name":"Plastids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:11543608","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11543608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dal.scholaris.ca:10222/76849","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10222/76849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064432","display_name":"DalSpace (Dalhousie University)","issn_l":"2041-2096","issn":["2041-2096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-a","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","host_organization_name":"Dalhousie University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:lynn_margulis-1203","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/lynn_margulis/102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Lynn Margulis (1938 - 2011)","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:82088512","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11543608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193795900","https://openalex.org/W284092470","https://openalex.org/W369063161","https://openalex.org/W560172708","https://openalex.org/W596496601","https://openalex.org/W1549311889","https://openalex.org/W1569241884","https://openalex.org/W1581771910","https://openalex.org/W1685633141","https://openalex.org/W1854335913","https://openalex.org/W1963946970","https://openalex.org/W1965958482","https://openalex.org/W1966165014","https://openalex.org/W1984391545","https://openalex.org/W1985285919","https://openalex.org/W1992085725","https://openalex.org/W1995745005","https://openalex.org/W2002865199","https://openalex.org/W2005126155","https://openalex.org/W2012383844","https://openalex.org/W2015893247","https://openalex.org/W2020503272","https://openalex.org/W2021636443","https://openalex.org/W2059297350","https://openalex.org/W2060232244","https://openalex.org/W2068749861","https://openalex.org/W2070340448","https://openalex.org/W2077863910","https://openalex.org/W2083005418","https://openalex.org/W2307417692","https://openalex.org/W2314954091","https://openalex.org/W2331119470","https://openalex.org/W2525586013","https://openalex.org/W3214949894"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091575509","https://openalex.org/W2592590328","https://openalex.org/W1509835005","https://openalex.org/W2073805468","https://openalex.org/W64395886","https://openalex.org/W3119755254","https://openalex.org/W4244891229","https://openalex.org/W1025686117","https://openalex.org/W2030804819","https://openalex.org/W1568851445"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"theories":[1],"for":[2,29],"the":[3,16,18,22,33,59,77,86,102,110,125],"origin":[4,111,119],"of":[5,32,51,88,112,120,127,135],"eukaryotic":[6,80],"(nucleated)":[7],"cells":[8],"from":[9,83,96],"prokaryotic":[10],"(bacterial)":[11],"ancestors":[12],"have":[13],"been":[14,107],"published:":[15],"progenote,":[17],"direct":[19],"filiation":[20],"and":[21,42,114],"serial":[23],"endosymbiotic":[24],"theory":[25],"(SET).":[26],"Compelling":[27],"evidence":[28],"two":[30],"aspects":[31],"SET":[34,74],"is":[35,67,130],"now":[36],"available":[37,68],"suggesting":[38],"that":[39,63,76,104],"both":[40],"mitochondria":[41],"plastids":[43],"originated":[44],"by":[45,141],"symbioses":[46,129],"with":[47,132],"a":[48,54],"third":[49],"type":[50],"microbe,":[52],"probably":[53],"Thermoplasma-like":[55],"archaebacterium":[56],"ancestral":[57],"to":[58,69,90],"nucleocytoplasm.":[60],"We":[61],"conclude":[62],"not":[64],"enough":[65],"information":[66],"negate":[70],"or":[71],"substantiate":[72],"another":[73],"hypothesis:":[75],"undulipodia":[78],"(cilia,":[79],"flagella)":[81],"evolved":[82],"spirochetes.":[84],"Recognizing":[85],"power":[87],"symbiosis":[89,105],"recombine":[91],"in":[92,109],"single":[93],"individual":[94],"semes":[95],"widely":[97],"differing":[98],"partners,":[99],"we":[100],"develop":[101],"idea":[103],"has":[106],"important":[108],"species":[113],"higher":[115],"taxa.":[116],"The":[117],"abrupt":[118],"novel":[121],"life":[122],"forms":[123],"through":[124],"formation":[126],"stable":[128],"consistent":[131],"certain":[133],"patterns":[134],"evolution":[136],"(e.g":[137],"punctuated":[138],"equilibria)":[139],"described":[140],"some":[142],"paleontologists.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}