{"id":"https://openalex.org/W81872523","doi":null,"title":"Minimizing animal numbers: the variable-criteria sequential stopping rule.","display_name":"Minimizing animal numbers: the variable-criteria sequential stopping rule.","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W81872523","mag":"81872523","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21819690","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3123753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:21819690","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21819690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3123753/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080509770","display_name":"Douglas A. Fitts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0855-1002","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0855-1002"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Douglas A Fitts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Animal Welfare, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. dfitts@u.washington.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Animal Welfare, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. dfitts@u.washington.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080509770"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8176,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74177712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"3","first_page":"206","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.3440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-stopping-rules","display_name":"sequential stopping rules","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-experimentation","display_name":"animal experimentation","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-reduction","display_name":"sample size reduction","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-i-error-control","display_name":"type I error control","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"statistical power","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"null hypothesis testing","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-way-anova","display_name":"one-way ANOVA","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-test","display_name":"t-test","score":0.6790000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40696583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989120","display_name":"Type I and type II errors","level":2,"score":0.7653950452804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.6520261764526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.6517238020896912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6489390134811401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5741354823112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191988596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628374","display_name":"Null hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.5663291215896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183905921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038757","display_name":"Multiple comparisons problem","level":2,"score":0.5409181714057922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5258374810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5094299912452698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5012941360473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.4796231687068939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44157707691192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102959455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313954","display_name":"Repeated measures design","level":2,"score":0.43151915073394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5465570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326898","display_name":"Early stopping","level":3,"score":0.424100786447525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203763787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371029","display_name":"Null (SQL)","level":2,"score":0.42173394560813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.24770671129226685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24585142731666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000827","descriptor_name":"Animal Welfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000830","descriptor_name":"Animals, Laboratory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007756","descriptor_name":"Laboratory Animal Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032761","descriptor_name":"Animal Experimentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:21819690","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21819690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3123753","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3123753/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comp Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:81872523","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21819690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3123753","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3123753/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comp Med","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963603753","https://openalex.org/W1974251372","https://openalex.org/W1986401328","https://openalex.org/W2035929796","https://openalex.org/W2048076237","https://openalex.org/W2059839905","https://openalex.org/W2061820643","https://openalex.org/W2062989416","https://openalex.org/W2085981264","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2104294060","https://openalex.org/W2106498117","https://openalex.org/W2127151679","https://openalex.org/W2133738611","https://openalex.org/W2163724055","https://openalex.org/W2249801928","https://openalex.org/W2419190750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986401328","https://openalex.org/W2048076237","https://openalex.org/W2759650476","https://openalex.org/W2059839905","https://openalex.org/W2249801928","https://openalex.org/W2132909609","https://openalex.org/W2088123801","https://openalex.org/W2032770552","https://openalex.org/W7084085262","https://openalex.org/W2091524859"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36,53,124,152],"variable-criteria":[1,153],"sequential":[2],"stopping":[3,199],"rule":[4],"(SSR)":[5],"allows":[6],"an":[7],"investigator":[8,54],"to":[9,17,88,147,176],"use":[10,162,177],"a":[11,15,20,42,56,76,115,132,137,156,164,183,191],"few":[12],"subjects":[13,60,98,146],"at":[14,61],"time":[16],"determine":[18],"whether":[19],"planned":[21,192],"experiment":[22,47,71],"is":[23,38,72,79,84,126,130],"worth":[24],"pursuing":[25],"without":[26],"increasing":[27],"the":[28,46,70,82,93,106,112,149,161,178,195,198],"rate":[29],"of":[30,59,97,105,114,163,167,174,197],"false":[31],"discoveries":[32],"(type":[33],"I":[34,117],"errors).":[35],"SSR":[37,107,141,154,179],"appropriate":[39],"whenever":[40],"testing":[41],"null":[43],"hypothesis":[44],"if":[45],"can":[48,142],"be":[49,89],"conducted":[50],"in":[51,180,202],"stages.":[52],"adds":[55],"predetermined":[57,94],"number":[58,96,166],"each":[62],"stage":[63],"and":[64,120],"tests":[65],"repeatedly":[66],"for":[67,159],"significance":[68,134],"until":[69],"stopped":[73],"because:":[74],"(1)":[75],"significant":[77],"effect":[78,83],"detected;":[80],"(2)":[81],"clearly":[85],"not":[86],"going":[87],"significant;":[90],"or":[91],"(3)":[92],"maximal":[95],"has":[99],"been":[100],"reached.":[101],"Two":[102],"crucial":[103],"features":[104],"are":[108],"that":[109],"it":[110],"holds":[111],"probability":[113],"type":[116],"error":[118],"constant":[119],"maintains":[121],"excellent":[122],"power.":[123,151],"method":[125,158],"more":[127],"efficient":[128],"than":[129],"performing":[131],"typical":[133],"test":[135],"after":[136],"power":[138],"analysis":[139],"because":[140],"require":[143],"30%":[144],"fewer":[145],"achieve":[148],"same":[150],"provides":[155,171],"formal":[157],"assuring":[160],"minimal":[165],"animals.":[168],"This":[169],"article":[170],"practical":[172],"examples":[173],"how":[175],"combination":[181],"with":[182,190],"t":[184],"test,":[185],"one-way":[186,188],"ANOVA,":[187],"ANOVA":[189],"contrast":[193],"as":[194],"focus":[196],"rule,":[200],"or,":[201],"limited":[203],"circumstances,":[204],"multifactorial":[205],"ANOVA.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}