{"id":"https://openalex.org/W81724027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2308/tar-9403090159","title":"The Timing of Asset Sales and Earnings Manipulation.","display_name":"The Timing of Asset Sales and Earnings Manipulation.","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W81724027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2308/tar-9403090159","mag":"81724027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2308/tar-9403090159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2308/tar-9403090159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2308/tar-9403090159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160506855","display_name":"The Accounting Review","issn_l":"0001-4826","issn":["0001-4826","1558-7967"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316290","host_organization_name":"American Accounting Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316290"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Accounting Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Accounting Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010971930","display_name":"Eli Bartov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2542-3566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2542-3566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eli Bartov","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University 1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University 1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010971930"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6036,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":557,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9781719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"4","first_page":"840","last_page":"855"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10081","display_name":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10081","display_name":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13957","display_name":"Corporate Governance and Financial Management","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earnings-manipulation","display_name":"earnings manipulation","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset-sales","display_name":"asset sales","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-recognition","display_name":"income recognition","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-assets","display_name":"fixed assets","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earnings-smoothing","display_name":"income smoothing","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-cost-accounting","display_name":"current cost accounting","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bond-covenants","display_name":"bond covenants","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-discretion","display_name":"managerial discretion","score":0.4059999883174896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.7373552918434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169824061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761731","display_name":"Book value","level":3,"score":0.605364203453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5423733592033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190775180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326946","display_name":"Earnings response coefficient","level":3,"score":0.5409063100814819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.5370774269104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5367118120193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.5191959142684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.5059913992881775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112896921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1728600","display_name":"Asset turnover","level":4,"score":0.4580059051513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206217203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134378","display_name":"Earnings per share","level":3,"score":0.45150530338287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202552767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1901350","display_name":"Market value","level":2,"score":0.4214509129524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41081905364990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.39218610525131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.38483449816703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.28849098086357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.28180307149887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185669311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163221","display_name":"Return on assets","level":3,"score":0.20814529061317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2308/tar-9403090159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2308/tar-9403090159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2308/tar-9403090159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160506855","display_name":"The Accounting Review","issn_l":"0001-4826","issn":["0001-4826","1558-7967"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316290","host_organization_name":"American Accounting Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316290"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Accounting Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Accounting Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:81724027","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=364984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401293","display_name":"Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I168974976","host_organization_name":"Universidad de La Rioja","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Accounting review: A quarterly journal of the American Accounting Association","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W587184346","https://openalex.org/W1488602824","https://openalex.org/W1492155385","https://openalex.org/W1574884354","https://openalex.org/W1579112106","https://openalex.org/W1593934374","https://openalex.org/W1987704442","https://openalex.org/W2001820185","https://openalex.org/W2013427125","https://openalex.org/W2030774206","https://openalex.org/W2090650059","https://openalex.org/W2111562586","https://openalex.org/W2317672894","https://openalex.org/W2321113091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137963796","https://openalex.org/W2591455219","https://openalex.org/W2008730232","https://openalex.org/W2322701481","https://openalex.org/W1939666119","https://openalex.org/W2912452617","https://openalex.org/W2748350821","https://openalex.org/W2575892192","https://openalex.org/W223849954","https://openalex.org/W7110843038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,351],"study":[2,255,335],"presents":[3],"an":[4,36,62],"empirical":[5],"examination":[6],"of":[7,15,20,45,52,61,73,89,153,170,253,267,274,278,281,320,344,361],"whether":[8],"managers":[9,28,82,174,341],"manipulate":[10,84,349],"earnings":[11,85,100,115,185,305],"through":[12,86],"the":[13,32,43,49,58,71,87,104,107,129,168,177,199,202,212,242,260,265,271,279,292,297,317,321,345,357],"timing":[14,88,169],"income":[16,179,309],"recognition":[17],"from":[18,180],"disposal":[19],"long-lived":[21],"assets":[22,53,275,322],"and":[23,41,66,106,134,150,159,187,201,237,327,359],"investments":[24],"(hereafter":[25],"assets).":[26],"Since":[27],"can":[29],"often":[30],"choose":[31],"period":[33,72],"during":[34],"which":[35],"asset":[37,63,90,171,229],"will":[38],"be":[39,257,302,353],"sold,":[40],"since":[42],"principle":[44,266,280,347],"acquisition":[46,65,268],"cost":[47,269,283],"underlying":[48,270],"accounting":[50,272,363],"valuation":[51,273],"implies":[54],"that":[55,77,114,124,176,198,220,227,241],"changes":[56,186],"in":[57,70,191,276,333],"market":[59],"value":[60],"between":[64,145],"sale":[67,230,318],"are":[68,79,102,116,165,205,223,244],"reported":[69],"sale.":[74],"It":[75],"follows":[76],"there":[78],"opportunities":[80],"for":[81,99,128,209],"to":[83,118,225,247,259,301,304,348,365],"sales":[91,172,182],"at":[92],"relatively":[93],"low":[94],"cost.":[95],"Two":[96],"common":[97],"explanations":[98],"manipulations":[101,306],"examined:":[103],"earnings-smoothing":[105,111,200],"debt-equity":[108,139,148,203],"hypotheses.":[109],"The":[110,138,163,194,251,286,331],"hypothesis":[112,140],"predicts":[113],"manipulated":[117],"reduce":[119],"fluctuations":[120],"around":[121],"some":[122],"level":[123],"is":[125,294,299,310],"considered":[126,295,354],"normal":[127],"firm":[130],"(see,":[131,156,284,324],"e.g.,":[132,325],"Ronen":[133],"Sadan":[135],"1981,":[136],"6).":[137],"suggests":[141,240,336],"a":[142,146],"positive":[143],"relation":[144],"firm's":[147],"ratio":[149],"managers'":[151],"choice":[152],"earnings-enhancing":[154],"activities":[155],"e.g..":[157,285],"Watts":[158],"Zimmerman":[160],"1986,":[161],"200-21).":[162],"findings":[164,243],"consistent":[166],"with":[167],"by":[173,313],"so":[175],"recognized":[178],"these":[181,221],"smooths":[183],"intemporal":[184],"mitigates":[188],"accounting-based":[189],"restrictions":[190],"bond":[192],"covenants.":[193],"results":[195,222,252],"also":[196],"show":[197],"effects":[204],"incremental;":[206],"after":[207],"controlling":[208],"one":[210],"effect":[211],"other":[213],"still":[214],"exists.":[215],"Finally,":[216],"sensitivity":[217],"analysis":[218],"showing":[219],"robust":[224],"specifications":[226],"consider":[228],"levels,":[231],"bonus":[232],"plans,":[233],"possible":[234],"tax":[235],"effects,":[236],"financial":[238],"soundness":[239],"not":[245],"attributable":[246],"misspecified":[248],"statistical":[249],"tests.":[250],"this":[254,334],"may":[256],"relevant":[258],"ongoing":[261],"debate":[262],"about":[263],"dropping":[264],"favor":[277],"current":[282],"Wall":[287],"Street":[288],"Journal":[289],"1990b).":[290],"While":[291],"former":[293],"reliable,":[296],"latter":[298],"said":[300],"vulnerable":[303],"because":[307],"net":[308],"materially":[311],"affected":[312],"management":[314],"opinion":[315],"on":[316],"values":[319],"involved":[323],"Kieso":[326],"Weygandt":[328],"1987,":[329],"35).":[330],"evidence":[332],"that,":[337],"despite":[338],"its":[339],"reliability,":[340],"take":[342],"advantage":[343],"acquisition-cost":[346,362],"earnings.":[350],"should":[352],"when":[355],"evaluating":[356],"advantages":[358],"disadvantages":[360],"relative":[364],"current-cost":[366],"accounting.":[367]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}