{"id":"https://openalex.org/W80714829","doi":null,"title":"Automatic program annotation","display_name":"Automatic program annotation","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W80714829","mag":"80714829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.74.6310","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.74.6310","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-77-VOL1/PDF/065.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039993352","display_name":"Nachum Dershowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-2735","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-2735"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nachum Dershowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford, California"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-2735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039993352"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"378","last_page":"378"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.8945000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.8945000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.08749999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-documentation","display_name":"software documentation","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-rules","display_name":"inference rules","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-specification","display_name":"program specification","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-correctness","display_name":"program correctness","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.8062220811843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7548984289169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.7386077642440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7250598669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.653850793838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.5728870630264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5262726545333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4075113832950592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3486228287220001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.33031803369522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3051462471485138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13520297408103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.74.6310","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.74.6310","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-77-VOL1/PDF/065.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:80714829","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ijcai.org/Proceedings/77-1/Papers/065.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419999","display_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978367838","https://openalex.org/W2075913776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064934273","https://openalex.org/W7095639367","https://openalex.org/W2605081075","https://openalex.org/W2521039450","https://openalex.org/W2491654119","https://openalex.org/W2799215155","https://openalex.org/W193483433","https://openalex.org/W1901287330","https://openalex.org/W7095771301","https://openalex.org/W1968027261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Techniques":[0],"were":[1],"developed":[2],"by":[3],"which":[4],"an":[5],"Algol-like":[6],"program,":[7,32],"given":[8],"together":[9],"with":[10],"its":[11],"specifications,":[12],"may":[13],"be":[14],"documented":[15],"automatically.":[16],"This":[17],"documentation":[18],"expresses":[19],"invariant":[20],"relationships":[21],"that":[22],"hold":[23],"between":[24],"program":[25,40,45],"variables":[26],"at":[27],"intermediate":[28],"points":[29],"in":[30],"the":[31,35,39,44],"and":[33,58,67],"explains":[34],"actual":[36],"workings":[37],"of":[38,42,64],"regardless":[41],"whether":[43],"is":[46],"correct.":[47],"These":[48],"techniques,":[49],"formulated":[50],"as":[51],"deduction":[52],"rules":[53],"for":[54],"both":[55],"guaranteed":[56],"invariants":[57],"candidate":[59],"invariants,":[60],"represent":[61],"a":[62],"unification":[63],"existing":[65],"approaches,":[66],"sometimes":[68],"improve":[69],"upon":[70],"them.":[71]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}