{"id":"https://openalex.org/W80172360","doi":null,"title":"Racial differences in discrimination experiences and responses among minority substance users.","display_name":"Racial differences in discrimination experiences and responses among minority substance users.","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W80172360","mag":"80172360","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14632272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:14632272","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14632272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethnicity & disease","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030951228","display_name":"Thomas Minior","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9289-6523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9289-6523"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335289525","display_name":"Montefiore Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044ntvm43","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335289525","https://openalex.org/I19772626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Minior","raw_affiliation_strings":["Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335289525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010556254","display_name":"Sandro Galea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-0945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-0945"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301626629","display_name":"New York Academy of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00mwdv335","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301626629"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandro Galea","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York Academy of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York Academy of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301626629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054422814","display_name":"Jennifer Stuber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-354X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-354X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301626629","display_name":"New York Academy of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00mwdv335","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301626629"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Stuber","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York Academy of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York Academy of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301626629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jennifer Ahern","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301626629","display_name":"New York Academy of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00mwdv335","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301626629"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Ahern","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York Academy of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York Academy of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301626629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025006414","display_name":"Danielle C. Ompad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-0393","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-0393"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danie Ompad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban Initiative"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Initiative","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.489,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95634487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"521","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11464","display_name":"Homelessness and Social Issues","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10156","display_name":"LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination","display_name":"discrimination","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-users","display_name":"substance users","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-people","display_name":"Black people","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-discrimination","display_name":"police discrimination","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-rejection","display_name":"family rejection","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginalized-communities","display_name":"marginalized communities","score":0.9300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.6237856149673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.558371901512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.555783748626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781400479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11640","display_name":"Outreach","level":2,"score":0.5321473479270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.4896412491798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.4836929440498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.48328712582588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777997956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17888","display_name":"Sexual orientation","level":2,"score":0.47921639680862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.46287184953689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.447440505027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.4327927529811859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3668382465839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3274821937084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.27556586265563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2524344325065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.20077502727508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0830497145652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005190","descriptor_name":"Family","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006630","descriptor_name":"Hispanic or Latino","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009519","descriptor_name":"New York City","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012059","descriptor_name":"Rejection, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033062","descriptor_name":"Friends","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:14632272","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14632272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethnicity & disease","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/40302","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40302/2/Minior_Racial%20Differences%20in%20Discrimination%20Experiences_2003.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:80172360","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14632272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.46149998903274536}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5400000214576721}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7655827325","display_name":"PREVENTION OF HIV AMONG NEW IDUS AND NON-IDUS IN HARLEM","funder_award_id":"R01DA012801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W188045412","https://openalex.org/W1501455404","https://openalex.org/W1566475587","https://openalex.org/W1838526882","https://openalex.org/W1939512045","https://openalex.org/W1967894240","https://openalex.org/W1974591363","https://openalex.org/W1975404309","https://openalex.org/W1979629631","https://openalex.org/W1982464622","https://openalex.org/W2004708438","https://openalex.org/W2016015304","https://openalex.org/W2023558552","https://openalex.org/W2027117841","https://openalex.org/W2031758901","https://openalex.org/W2036436550","https://openalex.org/W2047590721","https://openalex.org/W2054285772","https://openalex.org/W2059258139","https://openalex.org/W2066338814","https://openalex.org/W2070717546","https://openalex.org/W2082217474","https://openalex.org/W2090410945","https://openalex.org/W2120145419","https://openalex.org/W2132406025","https://openalex.org/W2133963881","https://openalex.org/W2145332010","https://openalex.org/W2166176269","https://openalex.org/W2312429260","https://openalex.org/W2329754363","https://openalex.org/W2769776540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151217995","https://openalex.org/W4412708277","https://openalex.org/W2592989074","https://openalex.org/W2145114703","https://openalex.org/W2137094540","https://openalex.org/W4399483496","https://openalex.org/W2007264241","https://openalex.org/W3208646544","https://openalex.org/W2529632423","https://openalex.org/W2114743735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"Discrimination":[1,99],"is":[2],"associated":[3],"with":[4,90],"both":[5,113],"mental":[6],"and":[7,10,29,35,47,60,92,115,147,183,216,222,232,240],"physical":[8],"health,":[9],"may":[11,228],"be":[12],"a":[13],"particularly":[14],"important":[15],"determinant":[16],"of":[17,62,70,110],"health":[18,236],"among":[19,112,154,237],"marginalized":[20,238],"groups.":[21],"This":[22],"study":[23],"assessed":[24],"differences":[25,211,227,234],"in":[26,40,83,213,235],"discrimination":[27,32,71,74,111,126,157,214,219],"experiences":[28,215],"responses":[30,94,217],"to":[31,76,95,101,124,128,133,137,141,145,151,159,169,173,177,181,188,195,198,206,218],"between":[33,220],"Black":[34,46,117,190,221],"Latino":[36,49,201,223],"active":[37,50],"substance":[38,51,79,224],"users":[39,52],"New":[41],"York":[42],"City.":[43],"METHODS:":[44],"500":[45],"419":[48],"were":[53,119,192,203],"recruited":[54],"through":[55],"outreach":[56],"workers,":[57],"service":[58],"agencies,":[59],"word":[61],"mouth.":[63],"We":[64],"collected":[65],"data":[66],"about":[67],"different":[68],"types":[69],"experienced":[72,163],"(eg,":[73,87],"due":[75,100,127,158],"race,":[77],"gender,":[78],"use),":[80],"the":[81,105],"domains":[82],"which":[84],"it":[85],"occurred":[86],"at":[88],"work,":[89],"police),":[91],"participants'":[93],"unfair":[96],"treatment.":[97],"RESULTS:":[98],"drug":[102,130,160],"use":[103,131],"was":[104],"most":[106],"commonly":[107],"reported":[108],"type":[109],"Blacks":[114],"Latinos.":[116],"respondents":[118,191,202],"more":[120,164,193,204],"likely":[121,194,205],"than":[122],"Latinos":[123,162],"report":[125],"their":[129],"(79%":[132],"70%),":[134,170],"race":[135],"(39%":[136],"23%),":[138],"poverty":[139],"(38%":[140,150],"26%),":[142],"gender":[143],"(18%":[144],"9%),":[146],"sexual":[148],"orientation":[149],"6%).":[152],"However,":[153],"those":[155],"reporting":[156],"use,":[161],"rejection":[165],"from":[166],"family":[167],"(81%":[168],"friends":[171],"(73%":[172],"60%),":[174],"police":[175],"(86%":[176],"79%),":[178],"employers":[179],"(72%":[180],"56%),":[182],"medical":[184],"care":[185],"professionals":[186],"(29%":[187],"18%).":[189],"respond":[196],"actively":[197],"discrimination,":[199],"whereas":[200],"internalize":[207],"experiences.":[208],"CONCLUSIONS:":[209],"Substantial":[210],"exist":[212],"users.":[225],"These":[226],"help":[229],"explain":[230],"racial":[231],"ethnic":[233],"populations,":[239],"identify":[241],"avenues":[242],"for":[243],"effective,":[244],"targeted":[245],"intervention.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
