{"id":"https://openalex.org/W80155331","doi":null,"title":"Measuring and Detecting Fast-Flux Service Networks","display_name":"Measuring and Detecting Fast-Flux Service Networks","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W80155331","mag":"80155331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.140.188","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.140.188","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://pi1.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/filepool/research/publications/fast-flux-ndss08.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-107238.html","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056790702","display_name":"Thorsten Holz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-1264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-1264"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thorsten Holz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-1264","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007583064","display_name":"Christian Gorecki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Gorecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066077721","display_name":"Konrad Rieck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-8758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-8758"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad Rieck","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-8758","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035871932","display_name":"Felix Freiling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-8401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-8401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix C. Freiling","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-8401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":62.247,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":318,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9989394,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.4779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.4779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.2295999974012375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.18150000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-fraud","display_name":"online fraud","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-metrics","display_name":"detection metrics","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitigation-measures","display_name":"mitigation measures","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-measurement","display_name":"network measurement","score":0.42899999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6433553099632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6406852602958679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.546018660068512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5057353973388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.49224844574928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.4810669422149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.47922569513320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4334453344345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35165998339653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15312883257865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.12639492750167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10402008891105652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.140.188","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.140.188","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://pi1.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/filepool/research/publications/fast-flux-ndss08.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.701.7225","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.701.7225","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://user.informatik.uni-goettingen.de/%7Ekrieck/docs/2008-ndss.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-107238","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-107238.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FIRST","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/360559","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/360559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"},{"id":"mag:80155331","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/ndss/08/papers/16_measuring_and_detecting.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306420590","display_name":"Network and Distributed System Security Symposium","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Network and Distributed System Security Symposium","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-107238","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-107238.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FIRST","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9592747","https://openalex.org/W187875600","https://openalex.org/W1510073064","https://openalex.org/W1534257613","https://openalex.org/W1590936031","https://openalex.org/W1619613999","https://openalex.org/W1630225947","https://openalex.org/W1972699782","https://openalex.org/W1973861090","https://openalex.org/W2020816856","https://openalex.org/W2021868130","https://openalex.org/W2037842078","https://openalex.org/W2084734423","https://openalex.org/W2091143818","https://openalex.org/W2099816907","https://openalex.org/W2104692292","https://openalex.org/W2131138404","https://openalex.org/W2147504831","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2154601295","https://openalex.org/W2168509544","https://openalex.org/W2170280226","https://openalex.org/W2539868084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095856971","https://openalex.org/W2122941797","https://openalex.org/W187521488","https://openalex.org/W2143403916","https://openalex.org/W1996380005","https://openalex.org/W4388503048","https://openalex.org/W2084983099","https://openalex.org/W2318741140","https://openalex.org/W2885639124","https://openalex.org/W1605743362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"the":[2,20,51,77],"first":[3],"empirical":[4],"study":[5],"of":[6,70,76,79],"fast-flux":[7],"service":[8],"networks":[9],"(FFSNs),":[10],"a":[11,27,61,67,83],"newly":[12],"emerging":[13],"and":[14,64],"still":[15],"not":[16],"widely-known":[17],"phenomenon":[18],"in":[19],"Internet.":[21],"FFSNs":[22,54,58,87],"employ":[23],"DNS":[24],"to":[25],"establish":[26],"proxy":[28],"network":[29],"on":[30,60,74],"compromised":[31],"machines":[32],"through":[33],"which":[34,53,86],"illegal":[35],"online":[36,71],"services":[37],"can":[38,88],"be":[39,89],"hosted":[40],"with":[41,85],"very":[42],"high":[43],"availability.":[44],"Through":[45],"our":[46,93],"measurements":[47],"we":[48,81,96],"show":[49],"that":[50],"threat":[52],"pose":[55],"is":[56],"significant:":[57],"oc-cur":[59],"worldwide":[62],"scale":[63],"already":[65],"host":[66],"substantial":[68],"percentage":[69],"scams.":[72],"Based":[73],"analysis":[75],"prin-ciples":[78],"FFSNs,":[80],"develop":[82],"metric":[84],"effectively":[90],"detected.":[91],"Considering":[92],"detection":[94],"technique":[95],"also":[97],"discuss":[98],"possible":[99],"mitigation":[100],"strategies.":[101],"1":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":30}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}