{"id":"https://openalex.org/W799150975","doi":null,"title":"Ternary Precursors for Depositing I-III-VI2 Thin Films for Solar Cells via Spray CVD","display_name":"Ternary Precursors for Depositing I-III-VI2 Thin Films for Solar Cells via Spray CVD","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W799150975","mag":"799150975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:799150975","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20030014589/downloads/20030014589.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402118","display_name":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1305493378","host_organization_name":"NASA Headquarters","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305493378"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110870036","display_name":"Kulbinder Kumar Banger","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129299","display_name":"Ohio Aerospace Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02e36tk84","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799786008","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210124779","https://openalex.org/I4210129299","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.K. Banger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio Aerospace Inst. Brook Park, OH United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio Aerospace Inst. Brook Park, OH United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064738392","display_name":"Jennifer Ann Hollingsworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-1215","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-1215"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer A. Hollingsworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington Univ. Saint Louis, MO., United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-1215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington Univ. Saint Louis, MO., United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065428965","display_name":"Michael H.\u2010C. Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-0093","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-0093"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael H.\u2010C. Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-0093","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019436639","display_name":"Jerry D. Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-1495","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-1495"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry D. Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cleveland State Univ. Cleveland, OH United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-1495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cleveland State Univ. Cleveland, OH United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088031678","display_name":"Stan A. Duraj","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stan A. Duraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cleveland State Univ. Cleveland, OH United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cleveland State Univ. Cleveland, OH United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033718680","display_name":"M. A. Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060726954","display_name":"David Scheiman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Scheiman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086307724","display_name":"Eric W. Bohannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1800-3658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1800-3658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric W. Bohannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Missouri Univ. Rolla, MO, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri Univ. Rolla, MO, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002081763","display_name":"Jay A. Switzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7332-4634","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7332-4634"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay A. Switzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Missouri Univ. Rolla, MO, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7332-4634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri Univ. Rolla, MO, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078526208","display_name":"William E. Buhro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-4145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-4145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William E. Buhro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington Univ. Saint Louis, MO., United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-4145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington Univ. Saint Louis, MO., United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7309156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10590","display_name":"Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10590","display_name":"Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13889","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thin-film-solar-cells","display_name":"thin-film solar cells","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuins2","display_name":"CuInS2","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cugas2","display_name":"CuGaS2","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cigs-thin-films","display_name":"CIGS thin films","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-temperature-deposition","display_name":"low-temperature deposition","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexible-photovoltaics","display_name":"flexible photovoltaics","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-arrays","display_name":"solar arrays","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-materials","display_name":"photovoltaic materials","score":0.5210000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19067145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203","display_name":"Thin film","level":2,"score":0.7938011288642883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191716631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31887","display_name":"Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells","level":3,"score":0.7857202291488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7171885371208191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64452783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524945","display_name":"Ternary operation","level":2,"score":0.7005254030227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.689972460269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.6705414652824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780228366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069397","display_name":"Chemical bath deposition","level":3,"score":0.599671483039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64297162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070","display_name":"Deposition (geology)","level":3,"score":0.5207345485687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4993448257446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.49427032470703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57410435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505668","display_name":"Chemical vapor deposition","level":2,"score":0.4796653091907501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147438087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386334","display_name":"Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.4310801029205322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206991015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192704","display_name":"Energy conversion efficiency","level":2,"score":0.4256455898284912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.30292025208473206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.185898095369339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2816523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184","display_name":"Sediment","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:799150975","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20030014589/downloads/20030014589.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402118","display_name":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1305493378","host_organization_name":"NASA Headquarters","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305493378"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618932869","https://openalex.org/W2799017376"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092633596","https://openalex.org/W1536889547","https://openalex.org/W848070217","https://openalex.org/W1971667343","https://openalex.org/W36455996","https://openalex.org/W2107154748","https://openalex.org/W2061579100","https://openalex.org/W2201436989","https://openalex.org/W2150545891","https://openalex.org/W2605556911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"of":[2,90],"thin-film":[3],"solar":[4,18],"cells":[5],"on":[6,98],"flexible,":[7],"lightweight,":[8],"space-qualified":[9],"substrates":[10,100],"provides":[11],"an":[12],"attractive":[13],"cost":[14],"solution":[15],"to":[16,60],"fabricating":[17],"arrays":[19],"with":[20],"high":[21],"specific":[22],"power":[23],"(W/kg).":[24],"Thin-film":[25],"fabrication":[26],"studies":[27],"demonstrate":[28],"that":[29],"ternary":[30],"single":[31,92],"source":[32],"precursors":[33],"(SSP's)":[34],"can":[35],"be":[36],"used":[37],"in":[38],"either":[39],"a":[40],"hot":[41],"or":[42],"cold-wall":[43],"spray":[44],"chemical":[45],"vapour":[46],"deposition":[47],"(CVD)":[48],"reactor,":[49],"for":[50,71],"depositing":[51],"CuInS2,":[52],"CuGaS2,":[53],"and":[54,67,82],"CuGaInS2":[55],"at":[56,101],"reduced":[57,102],"temperatures":[58],"(400":[59],"450":[61],"C),":[62],"which":[63],"display":[64],"good":[65],"electrical":[66],"optical":[68],"properties":[69],"suitable":[70],"photovoltaic":[72],"(PV)":[73],"devices.":[74],"X-ray":[75],"diffraction":[76],"studies,":[77],"energy":[78],"dispersive":[79],"spectroscopy":[80],"(EDS),":[81],"scanning":[83],"electron":[84],"microscopy":[85],"(SEM)":[86],"confirmed":[87],"the":[88,91],"formation":[89],"phase":[93],"CIS,":[94],"CGS,":[95],"CIGS":[96],"thin-films":[97],"various":[99],"temperatures.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}