{"id":"https://openalex.org/W79860717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1402.0370","title":"Losses-based test of wave-particle duality with Mach-Zehnder interferometers","display_name":"Losses-based test of wave-particle duality with Mach-Zehnder interferometers","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W79860717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1402.0370","mag":"79860717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1402.0370","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0370","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.0370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.0370","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350516","display_name":"Yang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5718-997X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5718-997X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061785869","display_name":"Aiai Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-1455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-1455"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia, Aiai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Deng, Xue","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deng, Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076784728","display_name":"Yuchi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7413-7232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7413-7232","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4583-1637","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-1457"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yuchi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Li, Gang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Gang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101935389","display_name":"Shi-Yao Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-5273","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-5273"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Shiyao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007757589","display_name":"Tiancai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-321X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-321X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Tiancai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-particle-duality","display_name":"wave-particle duality","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mach-zehnder-interferometer","display_name":"Mach-Zehnder interferometer","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-loss","display_name":"photon loss","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictability","display_name":"predictability","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"visibility","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-beams","display_name":"coherent beams","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photons","display_name":"single photons","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-splitter","display_name":"beam splitter","score":0.6489999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69746256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193068","display_name":"Wave\u2013particle duality","level":2,"score":0.8038753867149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12296473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621727","display_name":"Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer","level":3,"score":0.7538775205612183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23576306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004698","display_name":"Astronomical interferometer","level":3,"score":0.6738955974578857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6227598190307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554403","display_name":"Duality (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.5572343468666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5257604718208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165231844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160669","display_name":"Mach number","level":2,"score":0.5042310953140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4814385771751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.34959715604782104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.23258903622627258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.23115050792694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21404191851615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.16090068221092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13376080989837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0842086672782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1402.0370","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0370","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.0370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1402.0370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1402.0370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1402.0370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1402.0370","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0370","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.0370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2321688184","https://openalex.org/W2611049480","https://openalex.org/W2968194901","https://openalex.org/W3187509721","https://openalex.org/W3080914476","https://openalex.org/W3006054436","https://openalex.org/W1965218241","https://openalex.org/W2219986940","https://openalex.org/W1487230706","https://openalex.org/W4221149453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wave-particle":[0],"duality":[1,88,96,151],"of":[2,138],"photons":[3],"with":[4,20,24,134,153],"losses":[5,36,68],"in":[6,108,150],"the":[7,21,25,29,42,48,56,59,66,73,84,87,93,95,112,120],"Mach-Zehnder":[8],"interferometer":[9],"(MZI)":[10],"is":[11,18,63,98,132],"investigated":[12],"experimentally":[13],"and":[14,51,78,115,117,141],"theoretically.":[15,129],"The":[16,35,122,130],"experiment":[17,131,152],"done":[19,133],"standard":[22],"MZI":[23,43,57],"beam":[26,30,49,52,60],"splitter":[27,50],"or":[28,54],"merger":[31],"being":[32],"continuously":[33],"varied.":[34],"are":[37,147],"deliberately":[38],"introduced":[39],"either":[40],"inside":[41],"(the":[44],"two":[45,113],"arms":[46],"between":[47],"mergers)":[53],"outside":[55],"(after":[58],"merger).":[61],"It":[62],"proved":[64,144],"that":[65,145],"unbalanced":[67],"have":[69,143],"great":[70],"influence":[71],"on":[72],"predictability":[74],"$P$":[75],"(particle":[76],"nature)":[77],"visibility":[79],"$V$":[80],"(wave":[81],"nature).":[82],"For":[83],"former":[85],"case":[86],"inequality":[89,97],"holds":[90],"while":[91],"for":[92],"later":[94],"``violated''.":[99],"We":[100],"get":[101],"$P^2+V^2>1$.":[102],"This":[103],"``violation''":[104],"could":[105],"be":[106,126],"eliminated":[107],"principle":[109],"by":[110],"switching":[111],"paths":[114],"detectors":[116],"then":[118],"averaging":[119],"results.":[121],"observed":[123],"results":[124],"can":[125],"exactly":[127,148],"explained":[128],"coherent":[135],"beam,":[136],"instead":[137],"single":[139],"photons,":[140],"we":[142],"they":[146],"equivalent":[149],"MZI.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}