{"id":"https://openalex.org/W78952729","doi":null,"title":"Reasoning in uncertainties. An analysis of five strategies and their suitability in pathology.","display_name":"Reasoning in uncertainties. An analysis of five strategies and their suitability in pathology.","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W78952729","mag":"78952729","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2064715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:2064715","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2064715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analytical and quantitative cytology and histology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/20203","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037457862","display_name":"Astrid M. van Ginneken","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","display_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/057w15z03","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A M van Ginneken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052299650","display_name":"Arnold W. M. Smeulders","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A W Smeulders","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4562,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79130435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"93","last_page":"109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.5601000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.5601000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.19779999554157257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.09629999846220016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning-under-uncertainty","display_name":"uncertainty reasoning","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-reasoning","display_name":"medical reasoning","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"pathology","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-sets","display_name":"fuzzy sets","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dempster-shafer-evidence-theory","display_name":"Dempster-Shafer theory","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-combination","display_name":"evidence combination","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-and-predictive-value","display_name":"sensitivity and predictive value","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.7290812730789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178011137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285997","display_name":"Dempster\u2013Shafer theory","level":2,"score":0.6202350854873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6019822955131531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.5420490503311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778940482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144753","display_name":"Pathfinder","level":2,"score":0.5300832986831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5221571922302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.514034628868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4950644075870514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.4317903220653534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4291861355304718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.3710934519767761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2712820768356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.09039133787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007256","descriptor_name":"Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010336","descriptor_name":"Pathology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011338","descriptor_name":"Probability Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:2064715","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2064715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analytical and quantitative cytology and histology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:cwi:oai:cwi.nl:20203","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/20203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology, 13(2), 93 - 109","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cwi.nl:20203","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/20203/Fulltext","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055335","display_name":"Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology vol. 13 no. 2, pp. 93-109","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire_cris_publications/5eebd1d6-276e-4ad5-a5c0-002554a0278c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/reasoning-with-uncertainty-an-analysis-of-five-systems-and-their-suitability-in-pathology(5eebd1d6-276e-4ad5-a5c0-002554a0278c).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"van Ginneken, A M & Smeulders, A W M 1991, 'Reasoning with uncertainty: an analysis of five systems and their suitability in pathology', Analytical and quantitative cytology and histology, vol. 13, pp. 93-109.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/5eebd1d6-276e-4ad5-a5c0-002554a0278c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/reasoning-with-uncertainty-an-analysis-of-five-systems-and-their-suitability-in-pathology(5eebd1d6-276e-4ad5-a5c0-002554a0278c).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"van Ginneken, A M & Smeulders, A W M 1991, 'Reasoning with uncertainty: an analysis of five systems and their suitability in pathology', Analytical and quantitative cytology and histology, vol. 13, pp. 93-109.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:uvapub:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/5eebd1d6-276e-4ad5-a5c0-002554a0278c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/reasoning-with-uncertainty-an-analysis-of-five-systems-and-their-suitability-in-pathology(5eebd1d6-276e-4ad5-a5c0-002554a0278c).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Analytical and quantitative cytology and histology, 13, 93 - 109. Science Printers and Publishers Inc.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:1566182319","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Adare.uva.nl%3Apublications%2Ff9ae92cd-5153-4ce0-9cb4-438675f175cb","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:78952729","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2064715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:cwi:oai:cwi.nl:20203","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/20203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology, 13(2), 93 - 109","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100528837","https://openalex.org/W6996027103","https://openalex.org/W1566182319","https://openalex.org/W7018353532","https://openalex.org/W2110642273","https://openalex.org/W1543986864","https://openalex.org/W6888949635","https://openalex.org/W7047259959","https://openalex.org/W3148137927","https://openalex.org/W2788667668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,112],"reasoning":[1,45,70,78,180],"systems,":[2],"uncertainty":[3,57,65,131,193],"plays":[4],"a":[5,44,120,152,259,266,278,287],"crucial":[6],"part,":[7],"especially":[8],"for":[9,245,255],"those":[10],"fields":[11],"in":[12,18,62,68,149,200],"which":[13,63,240],"judgements":[14],"are":[15,49,98,140,194],"essential,":[16],"as":[17,25,135,196,220],"pathology.":[19,249],"Uncertainty":[20],"has":[21],"several":[22],"aspects,":[23],"such":[24,216],"prevalence":[26],"of":[27,30,38,43,55,92,130,151,168,192,235,238,248,262,269,294],"diseases,":[28],"occurrence":[29,167],"findings":[31],"and":[32,35,58,94,202,224,265],"the":[33,41,52,56,60,64,69,90,109,123,127,162,165,177,189,206,221,232,274,295],"sensitivity":[34],"predictive":[36],"value":[37],"findings.":[39],"For":[40],"functioning":[42],"system,":[46],"two":[47],"aspects":[48,129,191],"crucial:":[50],"(1)":[51,104],"internal":[53],"representation":[54],"(2)":[59,125],"way":[61],"is":[66,116,147,185,241,283],"propagated":[67],"process":[71],"when":[72],"combining":[73],"formal":[74],"statements.":[75],"Five":[76],"well-known":[77],"strategies":[79],"(Bayes'":[80],"probability":[81,203],"theory,":[82,89],"MYCIN's":[83],"certainty":[84],"factor":[85],"model,":[86],"fuzzy":[87],"set":[88],"theory":[91,226,290],"Dempster-Shafer":[93,225],"Pathfinder's":[95],"scoring":[96],"mechanism)":[97],"compared,":[99],"with":[100,134,155,181,258],"particular":[101],"attention":[102],"to:":[103],"Under":[105],"what":[106,114],"conditions":[107],"will":[108],"model":[110,163,178,276],"function?":[111],"particular,":[113],"information":[115],"to":[117,122,291],"be":[118,132,253],"specified":[119],"priori":[121],"system?":[124],"Can":[126],"different":[128,190],"dealt":[133,143],"separate":[136,197],"entities?":[137],"(3)":[138],"How":[139,146,160],"unknown":[141],"uncertainties":[142],"with?":[144],"(4)":[145],"evidence":[148,156],"favor":[150],"hypothesis":[153],"combined":[154],"against":[157],"it?":[158],"(5)":[159],"does":[161,176],"treat":[164],"simultaneous":[166],"more":[169],"than":[170],"one":[171],"disorder,":[172],"that":[173,188],"is,":[174],"how":[175],"support":[179],"compound":[182],"hypotheses?":[183],"It":[184],"preliminarily":[186],"concluded":[187],"expressed":[195],"entities":[198],"only":[199,228,286],"Pathfinder":[201],"theory.":[204],"Hence,":[205],"other":[207],"models":[208,219,272],"do":[209],"not":[210,242],"accurately":[211],"represent":[212],"uncertain":[213],"knowledge.":[214],"Also,":[215],"theoretically":[217],"attractive":[218],"Bayes,":[222],"MYCIN":[223],"can":[227],"function":[229],"properly":[230],"under":[231],"tight":[233],"condition":[234],"mutual":[236],"exclusiveness":[237],"hypotheses,":[239],"always":[243],"suited":[244,254],"broader":[246],"areas":[247],"They":[250],"may,":[251],"however,":[252],"smaller":[256],"areas,":[257],"limited":[260,267],"number":[261,268],"defined":[263],"diseases":[264],"features.":[270],"All":[271],"but":[273],"Bayes":[275],"lack":[277],"predictable":[279],"performance":[280],"since":[281],"there":[282],"no":[284],"(or":[285],"partial)":[288],"underlying":[289],"guarantee":[292],"minimization":[293],"overall":[296],"error.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}