{"id":"https://openalex.org/W78707016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","title":"The Third Biennale of Sydney: \u2018White Elephant or Red Herring?\u2019","display_name":"The Third Biennale of Sydney: \u2018White Elephant or Red Herring?\u2019","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W78707016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","mag":"78707016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764485006","display_name":"Humanities Research","issn_l":"1440-0669","issn":["1440-0669","1834-8491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310988","host_organization_name":"ANU Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310988"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ANU Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Humanities Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034144633","display_name":"Anthony Luzzatto Gardner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Gardner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049477011","display_name":"Charles Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-4625","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-4625"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Green","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02337738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"XIX","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12444","display_name":"Art, Politics, and Modernism","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12444","display_name":"Art, Politics, and Modernism","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14380","display_name":"Libraries and Information Services","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1209","display_name":"Museology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13342","display_name":"Art History and Market Analysis","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contemporary-art","display_name":"contemporary art","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-art-world","display_name":"global art world","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-biennials","display_name":"art biennales","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-galleries","display_name":"art galleries","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artist-run-spaces","display_name":"artist-run spaces","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sao-paulo-biennale","display_name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Biennale","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-patronage","display_name":"art patronage","score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-clark","display_name":"John Clark","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-cities","display_name":"global cities","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779290800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3127419","display_name":"Herring","level":3,"score":0.9355614185333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.7284426093101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909199610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26261950","display_name":"Herring gull","level":5,"score":0.5011835098266602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.473215252161026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.434139609336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.4199784994125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.32895708084106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.32250410318374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.29244866967201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1375828981399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.12959548830986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781119296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1887740","display_name":"Larus","level":4,"score":0.06943520903587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764485006","display_name":"Humanities Research","issn_l":"1440-0669","issn":["1440-0669","1834-8491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310988","host_organization_name":"ANU Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310988"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ANU Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Humanities Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/229218","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/229218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Humanities Research : The World and World-Making in Art","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.22459/hr.xix.02.2013.07","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764485006","display_name":"Humanities Research","issn_l":"1440-0669","issn":["1440-0669","1834-8491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310988","host_organization_name":"ANU Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310988"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ANU Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Humanities Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W78707016.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W78707016.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2979042947","https://openalex.org/W2339372743","https://openalex.org/W3163610388","https://openalex.org/W1839785401","https://openalex.org/W3162298763","https://openalex.org/W2342521952","https://openalex.org/W7007919566","https://openalex.org/W2625128611","https://openalex.org/W211387157","https://openalex.org/W2601395531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,98,171],"focus":[1],"of":[2,11,42,45,57,66,71,87,103,106,133,152,187,206,229,240,250,317,352,424,439,452,455,473,484,501,527,533,541,544],"this":[3,246],"essay":[4],"is":[5,470,568],"the":[6,29,43,58,64,67,69,101,177,203,207,227,251,258,279,282,361,380,383,388,395,422,428,436,449,453,471,476,482,492,516,519,522,539,545,589,593,603],"indisputably":[7],"important":[8,330],"1979":[9],"Biennale":[10,454],"Sydney,":[12,301,445],"which":[13,180,486,607],"launched":[14],"Sydney's":[15],"biennial":[16,276,529,543,591],"as":[17,160,164,183,220,329,345,350,561],"an":[18,40,138],"international":[19,74,139,184,269,343,502],"event":[20],"seeking":[21],"out":[22],"adventurous":[23],"art":[24,47,60,96,107,117,124,135,140,173,191,409],"from":[25,84,202,257,268,275,292,548],"Western":[26,113],"Europe":[27],"and":[28,48,112,148,185,209,211,274,285,308,339,349,354,368,403,434,446,505,575,580,586,595,611],"USA.":[30],"We":[31],"will":[32],"argue":[33],"that":[34,195,239,245,255,499,508,532,551,571],"it":[35,165],"sought":[36],"both":[37],"to":[38,52,221,272,277,365,399,406,414,418,432,442],"present":[39],"image":[41,228],"world":[44,141],"contemporary":[46,88,232],"also,":[49],"more":[50,149],"critically,":[51],"embody":[53],"a":[54,104,119,126,188,218,465,542],"key":[55],"strand":[56],"globalising":[59],"world's":[61],"emerging":[62],"contemporaneity.By":[63],"end":[65],"1970s,":[68],"arrival":[70],"relatively":[72],"affordable":[73],"flights":[75],"had":[76,310],"pushed":[77],"Australian":[78,408,419],"artists,":[79],"along":[80],"with":[81,93,459,524,592],"their":[82,314,335,357,525],"peers":[83],"other":[85,429],"'margins'":[86],"art,":[89],"into":[90,121],"closer":[91],"contact":[92],"North":[94,223],"Atlantic":[95,224],"centres.":[97],"result":[99],"was":[100,159,166,231,379,413],"beginning":[102],"Balkanisation":[105],"worlds":[108,174],"beyond":[109],"New":[110],"York":[111],"Europe:":[114],"within":[115],"each":[116],"centre,":[118],"division":[120],"two":[122,172,384],"overlapping":[123],"worlds,":[125],"provincial":[127],"ghetto":[128],"represented":[129,143],"by":[130,144,290,313,599],"one":[131],"set":[132],"commercial":[134],"galleries":[136,153],"or":[137,169,197,215],"enclave":[142],"another,":[145],"usually":[146],"smaller":[147],"exclusive,":[150],"number":[151],"and,":[154],"increasingly,":[155,262],"some":[156],"artist-run":[157],"spaces.1This":[158],"true":[161,248],"in":[162,167,216,300,334,356,360,376,421,447,491,513,515,518,521],"Tokyo":[163],"Sydney":[168,280,286],"Melbourne.":[170],"overlapped":[175],"but":[176,566],"latter":[178],"world-that":[179],"saw":[181],"itself":[182,201],"part":[186],"nascent,":[189],"globalised":[190],"world-did":[192],"not":[193],"at":[194,511],"time":[196],"later":[198],"necessarily":[199,375],"renew":[200],"former's":[204],"talent-pool":[205],"best":[208],"brightest,":[210],"then":[212],"only":[213],"reluctantly":[214],"such":[217],"way":[219],"reinforce":[222],"primacy":[225],"over":[226],"what":[230],"art.":[233],"Many":[234],"scholars'":[235],"recent":[236],"work,":[237],"particularly":[238],"John":[241],"Clark,":[242],"has":[243],"shown":[244],"remained":[247],"even":[249],"huge":[252],"Asian":[253],"biennials":[254],"flourished":[256],"1990s":[259],"onwards":[260],"though,":[261],"many":[263],"younger":[264],"artists":[265,420],"moved":[266],"easily":[267,562],"artist":[270],"residency":[271,273],"biennial.2Founding":[278],"BiennaleBoth":[281],"Sao":[283,295],"Paulo":[284],"Biennales":[287],"were":[288,306,323,371,535,573],"founded":[289],"immigrants":[291],"post-War":[293],"Europe-in":[294],"Paulo,":[296],"Francisco":[297],"Matarazzo":[298],"Sobrinho;":[299],"Franco":[302],"Belgiorno-Nettis.":[303],"Their":[304],"motivations":[305],"similar,":[307],"they":[309,572],"been":[311,464,564],"affected":[312],"own":[315],"experiences":[316],"post-World":[318],"War":[319],"\u03a0":[320],"diaspora.":[321],"They":[322],"European":[324],"migrants":[325],"who":[326],"established":[327],"themselves":[328],"industrialists,":[331],"proudly":[332],"participating":[333],"chosen":[336],"city's":[337],"civic":[338,367],"national":[340,369],"desires":[341],"for":[342,394,468,475],"recognition":[344],"nascent":[346],"global":[347],"cities":[348],"nodes":[351],"business":[353],"capital":[355],"respective":[358],"regions":[359],"Southern":[362],"Hemisphere.":[363],"Needless":[364],"say,":[366],"aspirations":[370],"never":[372],"identical":[373],"nor":[374,378],"harmony,":[377],"balance":[381],"between":[382],"always":[385],"equal.":[386],"Whereas":[387],"Federal":[389],"Government's":[390],"new":[391,590],"Australia":[392],"Council":[393],"Arts":[396],"wished":[397],"primarily":[398],"support":[400,417],"art-making":[401],"nationwide":[402],"far":[404],"less":[405],"project":[407],"internationally.":[410],"Its":[411],"aim":[412],"maximise":[415],"direct":[416],"form":[423],"grants.":[425],"Belgiorno-Nettis,":[426],"on":[427],"hand,":[430],"wanted":[431],"replicate":[433],"import":[435],"cultural":[437],"institutions":[438],"his":[440,443,600],"homeland":[441],"beloved":[444],"particular":[448],"venerable":[450],"institution":[451],"Venice:My":[456],"love":[457],"affair":[458],"Venice,":[460,514],"where":[461],"I":[462,487],"have":[463,553,563],"frequent":[466],"visitor":[467],"years,":[469],"source":[472],"inspiration":[474],"Biennale.":[477],"How":[478,495],"do":[479,496],"you":[480,497,509],"break":[481],"isolation":[483],"Australia,":[485],"felt":[488],"strongly":[489],"myself":[490],"early":[493],"50s?":[494],"inject":[498],"flavor":[500],"extravaganza,":[503],"originality":[504],"explosive":[506],"vision":[507],"see":[510],"gatherings":[512],"Giardini,":[517],"Corderia,":[520],"Arsenale,":[523],"centuries":[526],"tradition?3Other":[528],"models":[530],"than":[531],"Venice":[534],"already":[536],"available,":[537],"principally":[538],"idea":[540],"South,":[546],"current":[547],"1955":[549],"onwards,":[550],"we":[552],"written":[554],"about":[555],"elsewhere.4":[556],"These":[557],"ideas":[558],"might":[559],"just":[560],"adopted,":[565],"there":[567],"no":[569],"evidence":[570],"discussed":[574],"Belgiorno-Nettis's":[576],"civic-minded":[577],"boosterism,":[578],"nostalgia":[579],"philanthropy":[581],"prevailed.":[582],"He":[583],"invented,":[584],"underpinned":[585],"financially":[587],"supported":[588],"organisational":[594],"curatorial":[596],"resources":[597],"provided":[598],"family":[601],"conglomerate,":[602],"powerful":[604],"Transfield":[605],"Corporation,":[606],"built":[608],"bridges,":[609],"railways":[610],"major":[612],"infrastructure":[613],"projects.":[614],"\u2026":[615]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}