{"id":"https://openalex.org/W78145587","doi":null,"title":"The Near Wake of a European Starling","display_name":"The Near Wake of a European Starling","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W78145587","mag":"78145587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:etd-2295","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1016","pdf_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400648","display_name":"Scholarship@Western (Western University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","host_organization_name":"Western University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1016","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037088900","display_name":"Adam J. Kirchhefer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adam J. Kirchhefer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037088900"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00892016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11170","display_name":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","score":0.8159000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11170","display_name":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","score":0.8159000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11008","display_name":"Aerodynamics and Acoustics in Jet Flows","score":0.051500000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.033799998462200165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-starling","display_name":"Sturnus vulgaris","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-wake","display_name":"near wake","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bird-flight-aerodynamics","display_name":"bird flight aerodynamics","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wake-flow","display_name":"wake flow","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bird-flight","display_name":"bird flight","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48939323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294879","display_name":"Wake","level":2,"score":0.9520920515060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202685678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336311","display_name":"Downwash","level":3,"score":0.7264551520347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777011573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185237","display_name":"Starling","level":2,"score":0.6300665140151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779627344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333842","display_name":"Sturnus","level":2,"score":0.5823866724967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780444116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6057443","display_name":"Flapping","level":3,"score":0.5648175477981567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4667409062385559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.45782384276390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97257150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161358","display_name":"Wing","level":2,"score":0.44085970520973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207857233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756248","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","level":3,"score":0.43788737058639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178760647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28129961","display_name":"Vortex shedding","level":4,"score":0.414757639169693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140820882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732722","display_name":"Vortex","level":2,"score":0.37557095289230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182748727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178932","display_name":"Reynolds number","level":3,"score":0.3518978953361511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.30773112177848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14411801099777222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:etd-2295","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1016","pdf_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400648","display_name":"Scholarship@Western (Western University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","host_organization_name":"Western University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uwo.scholaris.ca:20.500.14721/36837","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14721/36837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400648","display_name":"Scholarship@Western (Western University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","host_organization_name":"Western University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"thesis"},{"id":"mag:78145587","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:etd-2295","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1016","pdf_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400648","display_name":"Scholarship@Western (Western University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","host_organization_name":"Western University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W78145587.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W78145587.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W213469731","https://openalex.org/W656260139","https://openalex.org/W1513491139","https://openalex.org/W1514397422","https://openalex.org/W1565704217","https://openalex.org/W1584453247","https://openalex.org/W1601409075","https://openalex.org/W1694289106","https://openalex.org/W1932889631","https://openalex.org/W1976879889","https://openalex.org/W1977794087","https://openalex.org/W2003172346","https://openalex.org/W2008541567","https://openalex.org/W2011078912","https://openalex.org/W2014192334","https://openalex.org/W2016260250","https://openalex.org/W2020833431","https://openalex.org/W2025555745","https://openalex.org/W2027718197","https://openalex.org/W2029980267","https://openalex.org/W2035904552","https://openalex.org/W2037711532","https://openalex.org/W2057886081","https://openalex.org/W2059998298","https://openalex.org/W2060934581","https://openalex.org/W2061505503","https://openalex.org/W2061863349","https://openalex.org/W2067067595","https://openalex.org/W2083586188","https://openalex.org/W2087436918","https://openalex.org/W2096587590","https://openalex.org/W2097752223","https://openalex.org/W2104842915","https://openalex.org/W2107110734","https://openalex.org/W2113910755","https://openalex.org/W2117726939","https://openalex.org/W2126647214","https://openalex.org/W2129634243","https://openalex.org/W2135430997","https://openalex.org/W2143108452","https://openalex.org/W2147317964","https://openalex.org/W2150067632","https://openalex.org/W2151970749","https://openalex.org/W2154159138","https://openalex.org/W2159348881","https://openalex.org/W2160963560","https://openalex.org/W2161712951","https://openalex.org/W2163383364","https://openalex.org/W2168293253","https://openalex.org/W2169419562","https://openalex.org/W2170604848","https://openalex.org/W2170630992","https://openalex.org/W2172217282","https://openalex.org/W2186280321","https://openalex.org/W2564317043","https://openalex.org/W2584003686","https://openalex.org/W2766244670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7205336102","https://openalex.org/W7207189551","https://openalex.org/W6987543803","https://openalex.org/W7205080512","https://openalex.org/W7205531221","https://openalex.org/W7206749119","https://openalex.org/W7030592073","https://openalex.org/W7205445629","https://openalex.org/W7205542967","https://openalex.org/W7205451741"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,118,126,185],"wake":[1,40,100,119,136,144,166,205],"of":[2,61,67,76,81,93,106,128,142,164,173,187,195,226,232,241,261,274,280,299,315,319],"a":[3,74,201,204,250,258,270,287,300],"freely":[4],"flying":[5],"European":[6],"starling":[7,135,301],"(Sturnus":[8],"vulgaris)":[9],"was":[10],"measured":[11],"using":[12],"high":[13,21,344,347],"speed,":[14],"time-resolved,":[15],"particle":[16],"image":[17],"velocimetry,":[18],"simultaneously":[19],"with":[20,45],"speed":[22],"cameras":[23],"which":[24,102,169,207],"imaged":[25],"the":[26,38,46,65,68,79,82,107,116,134,143,152,156,165,171,181,190,193,224,237,239,275,291,297,313,316,320],"bird.":[27,276],"These":[28],"measurements":[29,62,94],"have":[30,95],"been":[31,56,96,209],"used":[32],"to":[33,63,104,133,180,290,326,334,337],"generate":[34,160],"vector":[35],"maps":[36],"in":[37,115,178,236],"near":[39],"that":[41,146,155,296],"can":[42],"be":[43,249,335],"associated":[44],"bird\u2019s":[47,321],"location":[48],"and":[49,85,139,192,211,228,255,324,339,346],"wing":[50,108,182,322,329],"configuration.":[51],"A":[52],"kinematic":[53,317],"analysis":[54,318],"has":[55,208],"performed":[57],"on":[58,278],"select":[59],"sequences":[60],"characterize":[64],"motion":[66,323],"bird,":[69,292],"as":[70,72,98],"well":[71],"provide":[73],"point":[75],"comparison":[77,325],"between":[78,223],"bird":[80,215],"present":[83],"study":[84],"other":[86,214,327],"birds":[87,227,254],"or":[88],"flapping":[89,262,328],"wings.":[90,263],"Time":[91],"series":[92],"expressed":[97],"composite":[99],"plots":[101],"relate":[103],"segments":[105],"beat":[109],"cycle":[110],"for":[111],"various":[112],"spanwise":[113,267,282],"locations":[114],"wake.":[117],"composites":[120],"invoke":[121],"Taylor\u2019s":[122,129],"Frozen":[123,130],"Flow":[124,131],"Hypothesis.":[125],"applicability":[127],"Hypothesis":[132],"is":[137,148,294,309],"discussed":[138,168],"evaluated.":[140],"Measurements":[141,264],"indicate":[145,221],"downwash":[147,188],"not":[149,159,247],"produced":[150],"during":[151,189,306],"upstroke,":[153],"suggesting":[154],"upstroke":[157,191],"does":[158],"lift.":[161],"Additional":[162],"characteristics":[163],"are":[167],"imply":[170],"presence":[172,240],"(secondary)":[174],"streamwise":[175,197,243],"vortical":[176,198,244,268,283],"structures,":[177],"addition":[179],"tip":[183],"vortices.":[184],"lack":[186],"suggestion":[194],"secondary":[196,242],"structures":[199,245,269,284],"constitute":[200],"deviation":[202],"from":[203],"model":[206],"developed":[210],"supported":[212],"by":[213,253,312],"species.":[216],"Furthermore,":[217],"these":[218,281],"flow":[219],"features":[220],"similarities":[222],"wakes":[225],"bats.":[229],"In":[230],"light":[231],"recent":[233],"studies":[234],"reported":[235],"literature,":[238],"may":[246,302],"only":[248],"feature":[251,260],"shared":[252],"bats,":[256],"but":[257],"general":[259],"also":[265,310],"show":[266],"short":[271],"distance":[272],"downstream":[273],"Based":[277],"existence":[279],"at":[285],"such":[286],"close":[288],"proximity":[289],"it":[293],"speculated":[295],"wings":[298],"undergo":[303],"dynamic":[304],"stall":[305],"flight.":[307],"This":[308],"implied":[311],"results":[314],"studies.":[330],"Dynamic":[331],"stall,":[332],"thought":[333],"limited":[336],"hovering":[338],"slow":[340],"flight,":[341],"would":[342],"enable":[343],"efficiency":[345],"force":[348],"coefficient":[349],"generation.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
