{"id":"https://openalex.org/W780999669","doi":null,"title":"Kurdistan region: A country profile","display_name":"Kurdistan region: A country profile","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W780999669","mag":"780999669"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repo.uum.edu.my:10401","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repo.uum.edu.my/id/eprint/10401/1/S1.pdf","pdf_url":"http://repo.uum.edu.my/10401/1/S1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400886","display_name":"Universiti Utara Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Utara Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","host_organization_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://repo.uum.edu.my/10401/1/S1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027305554","display_name":"Sherko Kirmanj","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sherko Kirmanj","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027305554"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.033,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91029237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13103","display_name":"Middle East Politics and Society","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13103","display_name":"Middle East Politics and Society","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12550","display_name":"Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12619","display_name":"Political Systems and Governance","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kurdistan-region","display_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kurdistan","display_name":"Kurdistan","score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kurdish-uprisings","display_name":"Kurdish uprisings","score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraq-war","display_name":"Iraq War","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kurdish-refugees","display_name":"Kurdish refugees","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/no-fly-zones","display_name":"no-fly zones","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federalism","display_name":"federalism","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/erbil","display_name":"Erbil","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-and-religious-diversity","display_name":"ethnic and religious diversity","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-geography","display_name":"regional geography","score":0.527999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.5435104966163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5281153917312622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49758461117744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3651065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7204","display_name":"Middle East","level":2,"score":0.4894229471683502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.46109357476234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4559936225414276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.3645278811454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.275701642036438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1414000689983368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09311327338218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.08782303333282471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repo.uum.edu.my:10401","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repo.uum.edu.my/id/eprint/10401/1/S1.pdf","pdf_url":"http://repo.uum.edu.my/10401/1/S1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400886","display_name":"Universiti Utara Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Utara Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","host_organization_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:780999669","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repo.uum.edu.my/10401/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repo.uum.edu.my:10401","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repo.uum.edu.my/id/eprint/10401/1/S1.pdf","pdf_url":"http://repo.uum.edu.my/10401/1/S1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400886","display_name":"Universiti Utara Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Utara Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","host_organization_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W780999669.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W780999669.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541946216","https://openalex.org/W1987378401","https://openalex.org/W2982024606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4290096765","https://openalex.org/W385484424","https://openalex.org/W2609407489","https://openalex.org/W3159251373","https://openalex.org/W4247317434","https://openalex.org/W4200583773","https://openalex.org/W7123257641","https://openalex.org/W161482069","https://openalex.org/W2484512633","https://openalex.org/W3038162669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"the":[1,4,11,25,34,50,61,72,75,79,84,95,99,102,105,114,127,140,144,156,171,176,206,210,215,232,235,240,244,255,276,304],"end":[2],"of":[3,24,60,74,86,88,119,146,178,201,225,229,234,268],"Second":[5],"Gulf":[6],"War":[7],"in":[8,14,71,121,133,139,166,189,195,243,258,275,303],"early":[9],"1991,":[10],"Kurdish":[12,42,51,89,147],"people":[13],"Iraq":[15,167],"rose":[16],"against":[17,49],"Saddam":[18],"Hussein\u2019s":[19],"regime":[20,103],"by":[21,28,78,98,130,254],"liberating":[22],"most":[23,87],"areas":[26,142,299],"inhabited":[27],"them.However,":[29],"within":[30],"a":[31,57,162,186,265],"few":[32],"weeks,":[33],"uprising":[35],"was":[36,161],"crushed.The":[37],"Iraqi":[38,172],"army\u2019s":[39],"attack":[40],"on":[41,101],"cities":[43],"and":[44,46,53,65,135,197,212,237,249,270,287],"villages":[45],"its":[47,109,182],"retaliation":[48],"forces":[52],"civilians":[54],"led":[55],"to":[56,63,92,107,152,205,209,214,263,296],"mass":[58],"exodus":[59],"Kurds":[62,100,124,264],"Iran":[64,208],"Turkey.The":[66],"international":[67],"community\u2019s":[68],"intervention":[69],"resulted":[70],"creation":[73],"northern":[76],"no-fly-zone":[77],"UN":[80],"Security":[81],"Council.This":[82],"facilitated":[83],"return":[85],"refugees":[90],"back":[91],"their":[93],"habitat.But":[94],"continued":[96],"pressure":[97],"forced":[104],"government":[106],"withdraw":[108],"forces,":[110],"as":[111,113,155,185],"well":[112],"administrative":[115],"units":[116],"from":[117,293],"parts":[118,200],"Kurdistan":[120,157],"October":[122],"1991.The":[123],"then":[125,150],"filled":[126],"vacuum":[128],"created":[129],"holding":[131],"elections":[132],"1992,":[134],"thus":[136],"began":[137],"self-governance":[138],"region.The":[141],"under":[143],"control":[145],"authorities":[148],"since":[149],"came":[151],"be":[153],"known":[154],"Region":[158,277],"(RG)":[159],"which":[160],"self-declared":[163],"federal":[164,187],"region":[165,177,188,289],"until":[168],"2005":[169],"when":[170],"constitution":[173],"officially":[174],"recognized":[175],"Kurdistan,":[179],"along":[180],"with":[181,223],"existing":[183],"authorities,":[184],"Iraq.":[190],"The":[191],"KR":[192],"is":[193,204,219,231,290],"located":[194],"north":[196,198],"eastern":[199],"Iraq,":[202],"Syria":[203],"west,":[207],"east,":[211],"Turkey":[213],"north.":[216],"Its":[217],"area":[218],"40,643":[220],"square":[221],"kilometers":[222],"population":[224],"5,351,276":[226],"(estimated).The":[227],"city":[228],"Erbil":[230],"capital":[233],"Region.Kurdish":[236],"Arabic":[238],"are":[239,251],"official":[241],"languages":[242],"Region.":[245],"However,":[246],"Turkmeni,":[247],"Assyrian":[248],"Armenian":[250],"also":[252],"used":[253],"respective":[256],"communities":[257],"some":[259],"areas.":[260],"In":[261],"addition":[262],"diverse":[266],"collection":[267],"ethnic":[269],"religious":[271],"groups":[272],"live":[273],"side-by-side":[274],"\u2014":[278],"including":[279],"Arabs,":[280],"Turkmen,":[281],"Chaldeans,":[282],"Syriacs,":[283],"Assyrians,":[284],"Yazidis,":[285],"Kakayi":[286],"Shabaks.The":[288],"geographically":[291],"diverse,":[292],"hot":[294],"plains":[295],"cooler":[297],"mountainous":[298],"where":[300],"snow":[301],"falls":[302],"winter.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}