{"id":"https://openalex.org/W77905737","doi":null,"title":"School District Leadership that Works: The Effect of Superintendent Leadership on Student Achievement.","display_name":"School District Leadership that Works: The Effect of Superintendent Leadership on Student Achievement.","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W77905737","mag":"77905737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:harvest.issuelab.org:998","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://issuelab.org/permalink/resource/998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196281","display_name":"Issue Lab (Candid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210144560","host_organization_name":"Candid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144560"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Julie Waters","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Waters","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068352006","display_name":"Robert J. Marzano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Marzano","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":227,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":0.03530000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superintendent-leadership","display_name":"superintendent leadership","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-district-leadership","display_name":"school district leadership","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9890000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111366508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341291","display_name":"Educational leadership","level":2,"score":0.630496084690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986206625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185","display_name":"Student achievement","level":3,"score":0.6165812611579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51067260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828812","display_name":"Professional development","level":2,"score":0.5152416825294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.5059842467308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.46133196353912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992462468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398141","display_name":"School district","level":2,"score":0.46107128262519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339345","display_name":"Instructional leadership","level":3,"score":0.44789937138557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778742788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22909281","display_name":"Teacher leadership","level":3,"score":0.4238138496875763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.4201311469078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780271678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508669","display_name":"Leadership development","level":2,"score":0.41222256422042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3969625234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.39260196685791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3913484811782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.38201355934143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26898980140686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.26225191354751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:harvest.issuelab.org:998","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://issuelab.org/permalink/resource/998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196281","display_name":"Issue Lab (Candid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210144560","host_organization_name":"Candid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144560"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"mag:77905737","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://etcjournal.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/mcrel_leadership.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Spectrum","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8799999952316284}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93274749","https://openalex.org/W96168406","https://openalex.org/W167760201","https://openalex.org/W188314568","https://openalex.org/W266060641","https://openalex.org/W585979004","https://openalex.org/W609118329","https://openalex.org/W612372977","https://openalex.org/W620177280","https://openalex.org/W1496461393","https://openalex.org/W1524310864","https://openalex.org/W1563631474","https://openalex.org/W1587647072","https://openalex.org/W1599059082","https://openalex.org/W1970056729","https://openalex.org/W1973635133","https://openalex.org/W1990513740","https://openalex.org/W2017122478","https://openalex.org/W2046391257","https://openalex.org/W2069816067","https://openalex.org/W2118574237","https://openalex.org/W2159401492","https://openalex.org/W2262347771","https://openalex.org/W2797811632","https://openalex.org/W2991429604","https://openalex.org/W3194642723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517303571","https://openalex.org/W29627378","https://openalex.org/W1490823323","https://openalex.org/W1870638720","https://openalex.org/W7095081786","https://openalex.org/W7014977234","https://openalex.org/W7112516422","https://openalex.org/W1561611476","https://openalex.org/W2995542089","https://openalex.org/W287094208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,26,52,85,100,110,217],"latest":[2],"in":[3,229,245],"its":[4],"continuing":[5],"series":[6],"of":[7,23,28,54,89,103,146,185,242],"research":[8,24,41,64,90,121],"on":[9,25,31,58,91,160,195],"school,":[10],"leadership,":[11],"and":[12,99,127,131,151,191,197,222],"classroom":[13],"practices":[14],"related":[15],"to":[16,83,189,250,257],"student":[17,32,59,152,180,207,223,251],"achievement,":[18],"McREL":[19,37,69,81,120,125,132,164,209],"conducted":[20,43],"a":[21,62,67,76,139,174,234,246,266],"meta-analysis":[22],"effect":[27],"superintendent":[29,220,243],"leadership":[30,117,150,170],"achievement.":[33,182,208,224,252],"For":[34],"this":[35],"study,":[36],"researchers":[38,165],"identified":[39,167],"27":[40],"reports":[42],"since":[44],"1970":[45],"that":[46,172,213,240],"examined,":[47],"using":[48],"quantitative,":[49],"rigorous":[50],"methods,":[51],"influence":[53],"school":[55],"district":[56,149,247],"leaders":[57],"performance.":[60],"Using":[61],"sophisticated":[63],"technique":[65],"called":[66],"meta-analysis,":[68],"combined":[70],"data":[71],"from":[72],"separate":[73],"studies":[74,95,212,232],"into":[75,265],"single":[77],"sample,":[78],"creating":[79,161],"what":[80],"believes":[82],"be":[84],"largest-ever":[86],"quantitative":[87],"examination":[88],"superintendents.":[92],"Altogether,":[93],"these":[94,186,230],"involved":[96],"2,714":[97],"districts":[98,193],"achievement":[101],"scores":[102],"3.4":[104],"million":[105],"students.":[106],"The":[107,119,225],"study":[108],"produced":[109],"following":[111],"major":[112],"findings.":[113],"Finding":[114],"1:":[115],"District-level":[116],"matters.":[118],"team,":[122],"led":[123],"by":[124],"President":[126],"CEO":[128],"Tim":[129],"Waters":[130],"Senior":[133],"Fellow":[134],"Robert":[135],"J.":[136],"Marzano,":[137],"found":[138,210],"statistically":[140,175,235],"significant":[141,176,236],"relationship":[142],"(a":[143],"positive":[144,254],"correlation":[145,177,228],".24)":[147],"between":[148,219],"achievement.Finding":[153],"2:":[154],"Effective":[155],"superintendents":[156],"focus":[157],"their":[158],"efforts":[159],"goal-oriented":[162],"districts.":[163],"also":[166],"five":[168,184],"district-level":[169],"responsibilities":[171,187],"have":[173],"with":[178,206],"average":[179,227],"academic":[181],"All":[183],"relate":[188],"setting":[190],"keeping":[192],"focused":[194],"teaching":[196],"learning":[198],"goals.Finding":[199],"3:":[200],"Superintendent":[201],"tenure":[202,221,244],"is":[203],"positively":[204,248],"correlated":[205],"two":[211,231,263],"looked":[214],"specifically":[215],"at":[216],"correlations":[218],"weighted":[226],"was":[233],".19,":[237],"which":[238],"suggests":[239],"length":[241],"correlates":[249],"These":[253],"effects":[255],"appear":[256],"manifest":[258],"themselves":[259],"as":[260,262],"early":[261],"years":[264],"superintendent's":[267],"tenure.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
