{"id":"https://openalex.org/W77898365","doi":null,"title":"Sleep patterns and symptoms of depression in college students","display_name":"Sleep patterns and symptoms of depression in college students","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W77898365","mag":"77898365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:77898365","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ872261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764368359","display_name":"College student journal","issn_l":"0146-3934","issn":["0146-3934","2691-3887"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697738","host_organization_name":"Project Innovation Austin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Project Innovation Austin"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College student journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086702740","display_name":"Peggy R. Brooks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peggy R. Brooks","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004787719","display_name":"Alicia A. Girgenti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-0827","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-0827"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicia A. Girgenti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-0827","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078437930","display_name":"Maura J. Mills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8461-3124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8461-3124"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maura J. Mills","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8461-3124","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3189,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85894362,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"464","last_page":"472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-disturbance","display_name":"sleep disorders","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insomnia","display_name":"insomnia","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-quality","display_name":"sleep quality","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-diary","display_name":"sleep diary","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pittsburgh-sleep-quality-index","display_name":"Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beck-depression-inventory-ii","display_name":"Beck Depression Inventory-II","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression-prevention","display_name":"depression prevention","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mood-states","display_name":"mood states","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypersomnia","display_name":"hypersomnia","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety-disorders","display_name":"anxiety disorders","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-abuse-risk","display_name":"substance abuse risk","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-deprivation","display_name":"sleep deprivation","score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-onset-latency","display_name":"sleep latency","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7871248722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7255122661590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776245837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25053505","display_name":"Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index","level":4,"score":0.7080175876617432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779631380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813655","display_name":"Beck Depression Inventory","level":3,"score":0.6418383121490479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.5778815746307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5427683591842651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.5377554893493652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4556177258491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1513209611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177190","display_name":"Sleep disorder","level":3,"score":0.4222317337989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.41825181245803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983189541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep quality","level":3,"score":0.22197872400283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781210498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1869874","display_name":"Insomnia","level":2,"score":0.2013300359249115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.16364946961402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.1501513421535492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:77898365","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ872261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764368359","display_name":"College student journal","issn_l":"0146-3934","issn":["0146-3934","2691-3887"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697738","host_organization_name":"Project Innovation Austin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Project Innovation Austin"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College student journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091512588","https://openalex.org/W7046797041","https://openalex.org/W2077917151","https://openalex.org/W2910006174","https://openalex.org/W2557947818","https://openalex.org/W4220654008","https://openalex.org/W2048672996","https://openalex.org/W3156980507","https://openalex.org/W2917058818","https://openalex.org/W2079943767"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"College":[0],"students":[1,48,72,218],"have":[2,15,169],"long":[3],"been":[4],"considered":[5],"a":[6,50,59,75,92,190,198,287,305,327,343,534,566],"population":[7,536],"particularly":[8,206],"affected":[9],"by":[10,355,447,475],"sleep":[11,19,39,124,136,162,201,256,272,308,330,364,397,431,448,470,540,570],"difficulties.":[12,471],"Previous":[13],"studies":[14,388,409,525],"confirmed":[16],"individuals":[17,303],"with":[18,133,213,304,336,340,370,415,502,513,533,543,565],"disturbances":[20,309],"may":[21,274,389,425],"be":[22,275],"at":[23,110,261,290,342],"risk":[24,262],"for":[25,88,105,173,263,317,351,367,427],"development":[26,265],"of":[27,35,43,62,70,78,98,156,166,178,193,246,266,278,307,329,363,378,439,510,523,539,554,569],"depression.":[28,207,267,297,434],"This":[29],"study":[30,152,168,474],"provides":[31],"evidence":[32,194,254,284],"in":[33,74,113,130,148,180,215,464],"support":[34],"the":[36,53,63,79,82,99,134,282,356,375,379,419,428,482,544],"hypothesis":[37],"that":[38,392,422],"and":[40,58,91,116,176,187,203,219,280,295,299,321,338,372,433,444,466,478,495,508,518,557],"specific":[41,154,437,462],"aspects":[42],"depression":[44,104,131,149,157,179,214,279,352,371,402,440,465],"are":[45,210,365,393,441],"related.":[46],"147":[47],"completed":[49],"demographic":[51],"questionnaire,":[52],"Beck":[54,483],"Depression":[55,484],"Inventory-II":[56],"(BDI-II),":[57],"modified":[60],"version":[61],"Pittsburgh":[64],"Sleep":[65,84,86,208],"Quality":[66],"Index":[67],"(PSQI).":[68],"115":[69],"these":[71,461],"participated":[73],"second":[76,93,357],"phase":[77],"study,":[80],"completing":[81],"National":[83],"Foundation's":[85],"Diary":[87],"two":[89,108,292],"weeks":[90,109],"BDI-II.":[94],"Results":[95],"showed":[96],"43.5%":[97],"sample":[100],"reported":[101,120],"having":[102],"experienced":[103],"more":[106,311,500],"than":[107,324,512],"some":[111,387],"point":[112],"their":[114,333,467],"lifetime":[115],"approximately":[117],"38%":[118],"consistently":[119],"trouble":[121],"going":[122],"to":[123,161,286,313,348,374,396,443,458,469,487,560],"or":[125,353],"remaining":[126],"asleep.":[127],"Gender":[128],"differences":[129,147],"correlated":[132,499,542],"BDI":[135,545],"variable;":[137],"when":[138],"this":[139,167,247,411],"item":[140,546],"was":[141],"removed":[142],"from":[143],"analysis,":[144],"no":[145,407],"gender":[146],"remained.":[150],"The":[151,164,244],"identifies":[153],"symptoms":[155,277,377,438,515],"most":[158,253,368],"strongly":[159,501],"related":[160,442],"disturbances..":[163],"results":[165],"important":[170],"real-world":[171],"implications":[172],"both":[174,216],"prevention":[175],"treatment":[177],"college":[181,217,535],"students..":[182],"**********":[183],"Using":[184],"mixed":[185],"populations":[186,222],"different":[188],"methodologies,":[189],"small":[191],"body":[192],"has":[195],"accumulated":[196],"suggesting":[197],"correlation":[199],"between":[200,289,430],"loss":[202],"mood":[204],"states,":[205],"difficulties":[209],"specifically":[211],"associated":[212],"older":[220],"adult":[221],"(Moo-Estrella,":[223],"Perez-Benitez,":[224],"Solis-Rodriguez,":[225],"&":[226,231,237,241,383,530],"Arankowsky-Sandoval,":[227],"2005;":[228],"Riemann,":[229],"Berger,":[230,382],"Voderholzer,":[232,384],"2001;":[233],"Weisman,":[234],"Greenwald,":[235],"Nino-Murica,":[236],"Dement,":[238],"1997;":[239],"Ford":[240,298],"Kamerow,":[242],"1989).":[243],"direction":[245],"relationship":[248],"is":[249,451],"not":[250],"clear":[251],"but":[252],"suggests":[255,271],"problems":[257,398],"put":[258],"an":[259],"individual":[260],"later":[264],"Gillin's":[268],"(1998)":[269],"review":[270],"complaints":[273],"prodromal":[276],"anxiety;":[281],"strongest":[283],"pointing":[285],"link":[288],"least":[291],"weeks'":[293],"insomnia":[294,337],"subsequent":[296],"Kamerow":[300],"(1989)":[301],"found":[302,347,496,537],"history":[306,328],"were":[310,346,562],"likely":[312],"meet":[314,349],"diagnostic":[315],"criteria":[316,350],"depression,":[318],"anxiety":[319,354],"disorders,":[320],"substance":[322],"abuse":[323],"participants":[325],"without":[326],"disturbance.":[331],"In":[332],"sample,":[334],"17%":[335],"17.5%":[339],"hypersomnia":[341],"first":[344],"interview":[345,358],"one":[359,522],"year":[360],"later.":[361],"Disturbances":[362],"typical":[366],"people":[369,490],"belong":[373],"core":[376],"disorder":[380],"(Riemann,":[381],"2001),":[385],"thus":[386],"find":[390,406],"correlations":[391],"confounded":[394],"due":[395],"being":[399],"listed":[400],"on":[401],"questionnaires.":[403],"We":[404],"could":[405],"previous":[408],"addressing":[410],"methodological":[412],"problem.":[413],"As":[414],"all":[416],"correlational":[417],"data,":[418],"possibility":[420],"exists":[421],"additional":[423],"factors":[424,463],"account":[426],"association":[429],"difficulty":[432],"But":[435],"which":[436],"perhaps":[445],"exacerbated":[446],"problems?":[449],"There":[450],"very":[452],"little":[453],"published":[454],"research":[455],"reporting":[456],"attempts":[457],"tease":[459],"out":[460],"relation":[468],"An":[472],"early":[473],"Beck,":[476],"Lester,":[477],"Albert":[479],"(1973)":[480],"administered":[481],"Inventory":[485],"(BDI)":[486],"over":[488],"200":[489],"who":[491],"had":[492],"attempted":[493],"suicide":[494],"suicidal":[497,548],"wishes":[498],"cognitive":[503,558],"items":[504],"such":[505],"as":[506,550,552],"pessimism":[507],"sense":[509],"failure":[511],"somatic":[514],"like":[516],"sleeping":[517],"eating":[519],"problems.":[520],"However,":[521],"our":[524],"(Brooks,":[526],"Garrison,":[527],"LaLonde,":[528],"Quinones,":[529],"Bathija,":[531],"2003)":[532],"hours":[538],"negatively":[541],"regarding":[547],"thoughts":[549],"well":[551],"feelings":[553],"worthlessness.":[555],"Emotional":[556],"reactions":[559],"stress":[561],"also":[563],"ssociated":[564],"greater":[567],"number":[568],"disturbances.":[571],"\u2026":[572]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}