{"id":"https://openalex.org/W77545191","doi":null,"title":"Assessing the Relationship Between Hotspots of Lead and Hotspots of Crime","display_name":"Assessing the Relationship Between Hotspots of Lead and Hotspots of Crime","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W77545191","mag":"77545191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:etd-5632","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5632&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088301346","display_name":"Kimberly L.VE Barrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4465-967X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4465-967X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly L. Barrett","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088301346"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.8877000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.8877000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.08169999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12259","display_name":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","score":0.026399999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-exposure","display_name":"lead exposure","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-hotspots","display_name":"crime hotspots","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotoxins","display_name":"neurotoxins","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violent-crime","display_name":"violent crime","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-crime","display_name":"property crime","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-arrests","display_name":"juvenile arrests","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-arrests","display_name":"adult arrests","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-socioeconomic-disparities","display_name":"racial and socioeconomic disparities","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-justice","display_name":"environmental justice","score":0.5809999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.42774122953414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39887261390686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11654475331306458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:etd-5632","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5632&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.usf.edu:etd-5632","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Graduate Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:77545191","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5632&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":234,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27482340","https://openalex.org/W39969394","https://openalex.org/W153388477","https://openalex.org/W158120760","https://openalex.org/W167589237","https://openalex.org/W360036832","https://openalex.org/W381964784","https://openalex.org/W577008597","https://openalex.org/W598438016","https://openalex.org/W618764699","https://openalex.org/W620569948","https://openalex.org/W635566906","https://openalex.org/W650008082","https://openalex.org/W655609156","https://openalex.org/W952906750","https://openalex.org/W1483253696","https://openalex.org/W1502870332","https://openalex.org/W1507153026","https://openalex.org/W1508114526","https://openalex.org/W1514614051","https://openalex.org/W1521802700","https://openalex.org/W1521847411","https://openalex.org/W1525236685","https://openalex.org/W1531204810","https://openalex.org/W1552061030","https://openalex.org/W1568285852","https://openalex.org/W1573016907","https://openalex.org/W1573178907","https://openalex.org/W1582788481","https://openalex.org/W1585084126","https://openalex.org/W1587278668","https://openalex.org/W1587357444","https://openalex.org/W1588812431","https://openalex.org/W1596045599","https://openalex.org/W1714987702","https://openalex.org/W1815944075","https://openalex.org/W1885602037","https://openalex.org/W1963935918","https://openalex.org/W1965893994","https://openalex.org/W1967811837","https://openalex.org/W1968328680","https://openalex.org/W1969575642","https://openalex.org/W1969989757","https://openalex.org/W1974561187","https://openalex.org/W1976110603","https://openalex.org/W1976123306","https://openalex.org/W1978974396","https://openalex.org/W1979824475","https://openalex.org/W1980127305","https://openalex.org/W1981005540","https://openalex.org/W1984416734","https://openalex.org/W1984719574","https://openalex.org/W1985114917","https://openalex.org/W1985716134","https://openalex.org/W1987234822","https://openalex.org/W1987353760","https://openalex.org/W1988129368","https://openalex.org/W1989667904","https://openalex.org/W1990148942","https://openalex.org/W1991849756","https://openalex.org/W1993548216","https://openalex.org/W1996945106","https://openalex.org/W1997320786","https://openalex.org/W1997871130","https://openalex.org/W1997986487","https://openalex.org/W2001437285","https://openalex.org/W2001708460","https://openalex.org/W2002135203","https://openalex.org/W2002270146","https://openalex.org/W2003366520","https://openalex.org/W2003916416","https://openalex.org/W2004398393","https://openalex.org/W2004808299","https://openalex.org/W2005323049","https://openalex.org/W2005824627","https://openalex.org/W2008515441","https://openalex.org/W2009784910","https://openalex.org/W2009954826","https://openalex.org/W2012757262","https://openalex.org/W2013428990","https://openalex.org/W2016382728","https://openalex.org/W2016739844","https://openalex.org/W2016968996","https://openalex.org/W2017650294","https://openalex.org/W2017990190","https://openalex.org/W2021204860","https://openalex.org/W2022869806","https://openalex.org/W2025218923","https://openalex.org/W2028226037","https://openalex.org/W2028871992","https://openalex.org/W2029542649","https://openalex.org/W2030859465","https://openalex.org/W2030986783","https://openalex.org/W2031722344","https://openalex.org/W2033945038","https://openalex.org/W2036046692","https://openalex.org/W2036537368","https://openalex.org/W2038858694","https://openalex.org/W2039042492","https://openalex.org/W2039158754","https://openalex.org/W2039286559","https://openalex.org/W2039542824","https://openalex.org/W2039778745","https://openalex.org/W2041938194","https://openalex.org/W2043728928","https://openalex.org/W2043845271","https://openalex.org/W2045280415","https://openalex.org/W2046736307","https://openalex.org/W2047325858","https://openalex.org/W2047538566","https://openalex.org/W2048997388","https://openalex.org/W2049844255","https://openalex.org/W2050771246","https://openalex.org/W2051776514","https://openalex.org/W2053104329","https://openalex.org/W2059939970","https://openalex.org/W2061270155","https://openalex.org/W2062451689","https://openalex.org/W2063398875","https://openalex.org/W2064398681","https://openalex.org/W2066121683","https://openalex.org/W2068713417","https://openalex.org/W2069220187","https://openalex.org/W2070081429","https://openalex.org/W2071442432","https://openalex.org/W2072449018","https://openalex.org/W2076576879","https://openalex.org/W2076946845","https://openalex.org/W2077342896","https://openalex.org/W2078577382","https://openalex.org/W2082107925","https://openalex.org/W2082226488","https://openalex.org/W2082764483","https://openalex.org/W2085617628","https://openalex.org/W2086887156","https://openalex.org/W2087095312","https://openalex.org/W2089042834","https://openalex.org/W2090461311","https://openalex.org/W2096844058","https://openalex.org/W2097059372","https://openalex.org/W2097097734","https://openalex.org/W2097689503","https://openalex.org/W2098676610","https://openalex.org/W2102217997","https://openalex.org/W2104137767","https://openalex.org/W2104400005","https://openalex.org/W2104415068","https://openalex.org/W2106142109","https://openalex.org/W2107202507","https://openalex.org/W2108938995","https://openalex.org/W2109933771","https://openalex.org/W2110164793","https://openalex.org/W2110281089","https://openalex.org/W2116148091","https://openalex.org/W2116428678","https://openalex.org/W2116810634","https://openalex.org/W2117680015","https://openalex.org/W2119515241","https://openalex.org/W2120893967","https://openalex.org/W2120910248","https://openalex.org/W2122559250","https://openalex.org/W2125501726","https://openalex.org/W2125799735","https://openalex.org/W2126489758","https://openalex.org/W2130057522","https://openalex.org/W2132306997","https://openalex.org/W2135679398","https://openalex.org/W2136177605","https://openalex.org/W2136212866","https://openalex.org/W2136299183","https://openalex.org/W2137731488","https://openalex.org/W2138679225","https://openalex.org/W2139113542","https://openalex.org/W2139465247","https://openalex.org/W2139861718","https://openalex.org/W2140549016","https://openalex.org/W2141153718","https://openalex.org/W2142450636","https://openalex.org/W2142717105","https://openalex.org/W2143468612","https://openalex.org/W2144701430","https://openalex.org/W2144822683","https://openalex.org/W2146334297","https://openalex.org/W2146974089","https://openalex.org/W2147330627","https://openalex.org/W2147395784","https://openalex.org/W2147398153","https://openalex.org/W2147854940","https://openalex.org/W2147926208","https://openalex.org/W2151400635","https://openalex.org/W2153457098","https://openalex.org/W2153492338","https://openalex.org/W2154395565","https://openalex.org/W2154718909","https://openalex.org/W2155021050","https://openalex.org/W2157375365","https://openalex.org/W2158810029","https://openalex.org/W2160407023","https://openalex.org/W2162817651","https://openalex.org/W2163157204","https://openalex.org/W2163563922","https://openalex.org/W2167058496","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2169084126","https://openalex.org/W2169091890","https://openalex.org/W2169816671","https://openalex.org/W2171408551","https://openalex.org/W2171978816","https://openalex.org/W2206026147","https://openalex.org/W2290518804","https://openalex.org/W2327332664","https://openalex.org/W2334306083","https://openalex.org/W2335343930","https://openalex.org/W2339740280","https://openalex.org/W2340391868","https://openalex.org/W2430083555","https://openalex.org/W2464458132","https://openalex.org/W2478786648","https://openalex.org/W2506422053","https://openalex.org/W2565775294","https://openalex.org/W2603482694","https://openalex.org/W2725626828","https://openalex.org/W2726449254","https://openalex.org/W2727389209","https://openalex.org/W2798289223","https://openalex.org/W2890167809","https://openalex.org/W2891215035","https://openalex.org/W2891387080","https://openalex.org/W3089046989","https://openalex.org/W3094373107","https://openalex.org/W3121748672","https://openalex.org/W3122184807","https://openalex.org/W4232336951","https://openalex.org/W4236173680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2625953898","https://openalex.org/W28762330","https://openalex.org/W2325927640","https://openalex.org/W4293775204","https://openalex.org/W1573178907","https://openalex.org/W2038858694","https://openalex.org/W2770151937","https://openalex.org/W4283765148","https://openalex.org/W2794688666","https://openalex.org/W2274562574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numerous":[0],"medical":[1],"and":[2,15,55,84,93,129,171,177,181,186,200,210,242,269],"environmental":[3,49],"toxicology":[4],"studies":[5,35],"have":[6,39],"established":[7],"a":[8,71,78,115,156,189],"link":[9],"between":[10,80,208,240],"lead":[11,20,28,54,83,103,128,209,241],"(Pb)":[12],"exposure,":[13],"crime,":[14,47,222],"delinquency.":[16],"In":[17,31],"human":[18],"environments,":[19],"pollution-":[21],"like":[22,53],"crime-":[23],"is":[24,90,99],"unequally":[25],"distributed,":[26],"creating":[27],"hot":[29],"spots.":[30],"spite":[32],"of":[33,36,46,51,82,86,95,102,117,143,158,173,191,219,228,248,256],"this,":[34],"crime":[37,52,130,211,243,261],"hotspots":[38,81,85],"routinely":[40],"focused":[41],"on":[42,124],"traditional":[43],"sociological":[44],"predictors":[45,50],"leaving":[48],"other":[56],"neurotoxins":[57],"relatively":[58],"unaddressed.":[59],"This":[60,263],"study":[61,264],"attends":[62],"to":[63,107,217,233],"this":[64,96],"gap":[65],"in":[66,150],"the":[67,91,100,141,162,206,238],"literature":[68],"by":[69,266],"asking":[70],"very":[72],"straightforward":[73],"research":[74,119,135,236],"question:":[75],"Is":[76],"there":[77],"relationship":[79],"crime?":[87],"Furthermore,":[88],"what":[89,234],"nature":[92],"extent":[94],"relationship?":[97],"Lastly,":[98],"distribution":[101],"across":[104],"communities":[105],"relative":[106],"race,":[108],"class,":[109],"and/or":[110],"ethnicity?\\nTo":[111],"explore":[112],"these":[113,134],"issues,":[114],"series":[116,190],"thirteen":[118],"hypotheses":[120],"are":[121,175,184,202],"derived":[122],"based":[123],"findings":[125],"from":[126,140,155,188],"previous":[127],"studies.":[131],"To":[132],"test":[133],"hypotheses,":[136],"data":[137],"was":[138],"collected":[139],"city":[142],"Chicago's":[144],"Community":[145],"Areas":[146],"(n":[147],"=":[148],"77)":[149],"Cook":[151],"County,":[152],"Illinois.":[153],"Information":[154],"range":[157],"secondary":[159],"sources":[160],"including":[161],"U.S.":[163],"Census,":[164],"Environmental":[165],"Protection":[166],"Agency,":[167],"Chicago":[168,174],"Police":[169],"Department,":[170],"City":[172],"merged":[176],"analyzed.":[178],"Cross":[179],"sectional":[180],"longitudinal":[182],"assessments":[183],"conducted,":[185],"results":[187],"negative":[192,197],"binomial":[193,198],"regressions,":[194,199],"fixed":[195],"effects":[196],"correlations":[201],"presented.":[203],"Findings":[204],"suggest":[205],"association":[207,239],"appeared":[212],"particularly":[213],"robust":[214],"with":[215],"respect":[216],"rates":[218,227,247,255],"violent":[220],"index":[221,230,252,260],"but":[223],"less":[224],"so":[225],"for":[226,246,250,258,274],"property":[229],"crime.":[231],"Contrary":[232],"prior":[235],"suggests,":[237],"appears":[244],"stronger":[245],"arrests":[249,257],"adult":[251],"crimes":[253],"than":[254],"juvenile":[259],"arrests.":[262],"concludes":[265],"discussing":[267],"theory":[268],"policy":[270],"implications":[271],"alongside":[272],"recommendations":[273],"future":[275],"study.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
