{"id":"https://openalex.org/W77485379","doi":null,"title":"Linkages between environmental innovation and policy measures in the EU15","display_name":"Linkages between environmental innovation and policy measures in the EU15","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W77485379","mag":"77485379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"master thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076930254","display_name":"K. Laparidou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Laparidou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076930254"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14481","display_name":"Renewable Energy and Sustainability","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14481","display_name":"Renewable Energy and Sustainability","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.017400000244379044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.007199999876320362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation","display_name":"innovation","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy-policy","display_name":"renewable energy policy","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency-policy","display_name":"energy efficiency policy","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy-directive","display_name":"Renewable Energy Directive","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-prices","display_name":"energy prices","score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-15","display_name":"EU-15","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-regulation","display_name":"environmental regulation","score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-drivers","display_name":"innovation drivers","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution-reduction","display_name":"pollution reduction","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kyoto-protocol","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.7649703025817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.7412324547767639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.6852139234542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131046424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805337","display_name":"Energy policy","level":3,"score":0.5138678550720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121492","display_name":"Directive","level":2,"score":0.4964602589607239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.4806003272533417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.46535736322402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.44662410020828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.4449611306190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78635371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377219","display_name":"Energy subsidies","level":4,"score":0.4445273280143738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.43593835830688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777172336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2700433","display_name":"Energy security","level":3,"score":0.4242514967918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174503800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381254","display_name":"Environmental impact of the energy industry","level":4,"score":0.42277225852012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.4104098677635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4065382182598114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.25138092041015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.24469512701034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1805712878704071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.11039900779724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.08814311027526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"master thesis"},{"id":"mag:77485379","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d/Thesis_Document_K_Laparidou.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a973dcc6-5cb6-469b-9e3d-280272b9b81d","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"master thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.878000020980835,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.651199996471405,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W77485379.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W77485379.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79890184","https://openalex.org/W97216644","https://openalex.org/W584629390","https://openalex.org/W1495886451","https://openalex.org/W1504998075","https://openalex.org/W1510247938","https://openalex.org/W1523351240","https://openalex.org/W1551390590","https://openalex.org/W1561438477","https://openalex.org/W1572691573","https://openalex.org/W1591284482","https://openalex.org/W1603357035","https://openalex.org/W1939492868","https://openalex.org/W1963763862","https://openalex.org/W1966401412","https://openalex.org/W1967030701","https://openalex.org/W1973628995","https://openalex.org/W1974876572","https://openalex.org/W1975349949","https://openalex.org/W1975860893","https://openalex.org/W1982058941","https://openalex.org/W1987469896","https://openalex.org/W1991466407","https://openalex.org/W1993540169","https://openalex.org/W1993595324","https://openalex.org/W1997911127","https://openalex.org/W2000329400","https://openalex.org/W2006114471","https://openalex.org/W2006319963","https://openalex.org/W2018467068","https://openalex.org/W2020285522","https://openalex.org/W2022319605","https://openalex.org/W2024640336","https://openalex.org/W2027879246","https://openalex.org/W2034175598","https://openalex.org/W2035101037","https://openalex.org/W2036000993","https://openalex.org/W2041950556","https://openalex.org/W2046890673","https://openalex.org/W2054004745","https://openalex.org/W2054067105","https://openalex.org/W2055908663","https://openalex.org/W2058869237","https://openalex.org/W2058875425","https://openalex.org/W2059733898","https://openalex.org/W2061228886","https://openalex.org/W2070918173","https://openalex.org/W2077958731","https://openalex.org/W2079497263","https://openalex.org/W2090841340","https://openalex.org/W2092176423","https://openalex.org/W2092773742","https://openalex.org/W2093152266","https://openalex.org/W2093839284","https://openalex.org/W2097628222","https://openalex.org/W2097838878","https://openalex.org/W2105773455","https://openalex.org/W2111247344","https://openalex.org/W2112141923","https://openalex.org/W2119024967","https://openalex.org/W2119489886","https://openalex.org/W2126633794","https://openalex.org/W2128846935","https://openalex.org/W2129261459","https://openalex.org/W2129836123","https://openalex.org/W2135596665","https://openalex.org/W2135670467","https://openalex.org/W2137947749","https://openalex.org/W2142133292","https://openalex.org/W2144981092","https://openalex.org/W2147111138","https://openalex.org/W2148033025","https://openalex.org/W2148953582","https://openalex.org/W2150315291","https://openalex.org/W2152747823","https://openalex.org/W2168171696","https://openalex.org/W2496942298","https://openalex.org/W2502039633","https://openalex.org/W2585474919","https://openalex.org/W2612381359","https://openalex.org/W2625129777","https://openalex.org/W2798213597","https://openalex.org/W2889869725","https://openalex.org/W2892282411","https://openalex.org/W2914313517","https://openalex.org/W2945747890","https://openalex.org/W3020840081","https://openalex.org/W3021925813","https://openalex.org/W3121147769","https://openalex.org/W3121338316","https://openalex.org/W3122093892","https://openalex.org/W3123369551","https://openalex.org/W3124694287","https://openalex.org/W3125296625","https://openalex.org/W3126120041"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946100808","https://openalex.org/W17857529","https://openalex.org/W2258391470","https://openalex.org/W285953191","https://openalex.org/W1918640431","https://openalex.org/W7033796303","https://openalex.org/W33957510","https://openalex.org/W2612392859","https://openalex.org/W4388433743","https://openalex.org/W2295786691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,91,133,230,1308,1374],"March":[1],"2007,":[2],"the":[3,7,56,66,72,76,107,118,127,136,140,143,159,177,192,195,205,210,221,227,233,245,257,279,282,302,306,310,315,336,339,345,355,359,415,419,442,469,495,504,513,531,539,544,554,558,568,582,600,624,652,693,709,719,740,748,756,769,774,777,785,790,810,834,840,848,862,870,883,907,911,921,927,934,939,944,955,1003,1006,1010,1020,1025,1046,1057,1063,1070,1075,1079,1082,1090,1093,1104,1112,1121,1127,1143,1153,1163,1171,1182,1203,1206,1222,1225,1240,1248,1255,1267,1281,1291,1293,1310,1363,1390,1393,1400,1409],"European":[4,19,108,137,206,246,311,601,778,841,1410],"Commission":[5,109,144,207,842,1411],"presented":[6],"\u201cRenewable":[8],"Energy":[9],"Roadmap\u201d,":[10],"a":[11,14,103,287,460,611,628,656,663,729,735,818,875,893,917,1042,1060,1086,1108,1228,1272,1297],"document":[12],"establishing":[13],"binding":[15,186],"target":[16,151,179],"for":[17,106,270,385,414,468,509,573,615,651,655,728,755,760,817,823,833,887,985,1056,1062,1066,1101,1135,1166,1346],"all":[18,43,271,635],"Union\u2019s":[20],"Member":[21,149],"States":[22],"to":[23,84,113,126,232,335,354,365,381,405,432,458,493,566,585,633,639,716,767,807,860,881,903,1045,1210,1234,1263,1280,1306,1316,1381],"increase":[24,193],"their":[25,114,189,386,448,535,679],"renewable":[26,60,93,154,234,617,653,835,1080,1148,1261,1347],"energy":[27,61,67,73,88,94,155,222,236,289,307,324,360,406,466,486,618,865,867,890,987,1007,1032,1053,1076,1102,1136,1149,1168,1183,1213,1223,1269,1333,1348,1359,1384],"consumption":[28,223,1008],"rates":[29],"from":[30,323,789,800,1052],"sources":[31],"such":[32,372,481,699,957,1177],"as":[33,78,173,219,286,373,482,503,577,579,588,671,685,700,958,975,1097,1117,1178,1200,1414],"wind,":[34],"solar,":[35],"hydro":[36],"or":[37,376,485,706,960],"biomass.":[38],"The":[39,59,167,248,342,475,498,517,561,688,758,850,982,1156],"overall":[40,178],"value":[41],"(for":[42,780],"EU":[44],"Members)":[45],"was":[46,63,501,827,1014],"set":[47,664,731,816,878],"at":[48,809],"20":[49],"percent":[50,175],"and":[51,117,182,276,295,326,331,401,409,425,435,446,465,488,547,557,591,595,718,734,783,926,932,943,1009,1034,1068,1100,1180,1189,1193,1352,1404],"should":[52,1125],"be":[53,567],"reached":[54],"by":[55,130,204,224,226,244,537,548,838,937,1252],"year":[57,228],"2020.":[58,229],"production":[62,68],"introduced":[64],"in":[65,97,358,379,450,631,858,879,967,979,1016,1142,1232,1247,1288,1321,1343,1396],"sector":[69,836,1250],"just":[70],"after":[71,1221],"crises":[74],"of":[75,81,121,142,153,161,176,194,212,261,338,344,347,393,403,421,506,512,534,552,593,623,665,695,732,750,771,776,821,900,954,993,1038,1092,1114,1205,1258,1300,1392,1406,1408],"1970s":[77],"private":[79],"attempts":[80],"few":[82],"countries":[83,330,733],"deal":[85],"with":[86,259,369,396,970,1239],"prospective":[87],"security":[89,1405],"issues.":[90],"addition,":[92],"technologies":[95,350],"contributed":[96],"pollution":[98,332],"abatement,":[99,333],"which":[100,146,200,252,309,648,668,915,948,1023,1217],"has":[101,201,208,238,291,351,843,853,1271],"been":[102,202,209,239,254,266,292,301,352,391,854],"challenging":[104],"issue":[105],"ever":[110],"since,":[111],"due":[112],"non-depletable":[115],"nature":[116],"decreased":[119],"amount":[120,1257],"greenhouse":[122],"gas":[123],"emissions":[124],"compared":[125],"ones":[128,556],"produced":[129],"fossil":[131],"fuels.":[132],"December":[134],"2008":[135],"Union":[138,312,779],"adopted":[139,293],"proposal":[141],"(2008),":[145],"stated":[147],"each":[148,621,640,1031],"country\u2019s":[150],"share":[152],"consumption,":[156,487],"calculated":[157],"on":[158,188,328,523,678,747,752,864,1030,1074,1147,1329,1358,1371],"basis":[160],"per":[162],"capita":[163],"gross":[164],"domestic":[165],"product.":[166],"Directive":[168],"included":[169,477,644,662,978],"in-between":[170],"targets":[171,1401],"(such":[172,587,974],"25":[174],"between":[180,462,920],"2011":[181],"2012)":[183],"but":[184,263],"no":[185,828,1368],"constraints":[187],"implementation.":[190],"Besides":[191],"Renewables":[196,262,283,470],"share,":[197],"another":[198],"solution":[199],"proposed":[203],"concept":[211],"\u201cenergy":[213],"efficiency\u201d.":[214],"This":[215,675,1195,1236,1276,1386],"idea":[216],"is":[217,320,521,726,746,762,765,804,815,963,1197,1277,1285,1304,1313],"defined":[218,269,490,502,610],"decreasing":[220],"20%":[225],"contrast":[231],"concept,":[235,288],"efficiency":[237,290,866,1184,1270],"implemented":[240,650,727,886,1141,1287],"following":[241],"regulations":[242],"suggested":[243],"Commission.":[247],"general":[249,479,555,945],"policy":[250,377,451,496,646,711,781,884,1130,1164,1294,1318,1324],"instruments":[251,1131,1165,1325],"have":[253,265,284,300,390,1227,1326],"used":[255,627,682,984],"remain":[256],"same":[258,540,871,1122],"those":[260],"they":[264,580,626,661],"more":[267,696,965,1229,1273],"clearly":[268],"sectors":[272],"(households,":[273],"industries,":[274,1069],"transports":[275],"services).":[277],"Despite":[278],"fact":[280,1128,1241,1282],"that":[281,761,763,784,1129,1242,1283,1399],"proceeded":[285],"widely":[294,597],"faster.":[296],"These":[297],"two":[298,550,898,1017,1383,1394],"trends":[299,988,1334,1395],"most":[303,569,1138,1150,1341,1356],"representative":[304],"concerning":[305,1002,1162],"changes":[308],"started":[313,845],"promoting":[314,847],"last":[316,1207],"decades.":[317],"Their":[318],"effect":[319,1328],"multi-oriented:":[321],"prevention":[322],"depletion":[325],"dependence":[327],"foreign":[329],"according":[334],"directions":[337],"Kyoto":[340],"protocol.":[341],"success":[343],"implementation":[346],"environmental":[348,367,399,422,430,443,463,499,753,1302,1311,1331],"friendly":[349,1332],"related":[353,1315],"technological":[356],"change":[357],"field.":[361],"Many":[362],"researchers":[363],"tried":[364,457],"connect":[366],"innovation":[368,400,404,431,444,464,500,541,673,686,754,1098,1118,1262,1303,1312,1345],"various":[370],"characteristics,":[371],"R&D":[374,701,707,1004,1013,1021,1026,1035],"expenditures":[375,1027],"instruments,":[378,1176],"order":[380,632,859,880,1233],"suggest":[382],"effective":[383,1342,1357],"means":[384],"promotion.":[387],"Characteristic":[388],"researches":[389],"these":[392,997,1039,1382],"Popp":[394],"(2005)":[395,427],"\u201clessons\u201d":[397],"over":[398],"connection":[402],"prices,":[407],"Brunnermeier":[408],"Cohen":[410],"(2003)":[411],"who":[412,428,440],"modeled,":[413],"US":[416],"industrial":[417],"sector,":[418,1145],"determinants":[420,445,992],"innovation,":[423],"Vries":[424],"Withagen":[426],"connected":[429,1279],"stringency":[433,1264],"policies":[434,467,751,772,1377],"Johnstone":[436,453,606,792],"et":[437,454,525,607,793],"al.":[438,455,608],"(2008)":[439,456,527,609,795],"modelled":[441],"specified":[447],"research":[449,536],"instruments.":[452],"define":[459],"relation":[461,936],"using":[471,538,910],"an":[472],"empirical":[473,575,720],"model.":[474,528,981],"model":[476,520,614,680,725,904,983],"some":[478],"variables,":[480,667,698,872,991],"electricity":[483,1011,1058,1064,1083,1095,1105],"prices":[484,1065,1116],"then":[489],"binary":[491,715],"variables":[492,929,1040],"operationalise":[494],"measures.":[497,1373],"number":[505],"patent":[507,545,562,636,683,808],"counts":[508,563,637,684],"specific":[510,629,657],"classes":[511],"International":[514],"Patent":[515,602],"Classification.":[516],"present":[518],"study\u2019s":[519],"based":[522,677,1175,1338],"Johnstone\u2019s":[524,724],"al":[526,794],"It":[529],"follows":[530],"main":[532,689],"lines":[533],"output,":[542],"i.e.":[543],"counts,":[546],"having":[549],"sets":[551],"variables:":[553],"policy-related":[559],"ones.":[560],"were":[564,596,649,669,1218,1244,1366],"considered":[565,670],"appropriate":[570],"output":[571,877],"indicator":[572,705],"this":[574,888,1133],"study,":[576,1364],"well,":[578],"provided":[581],"necessary":[583],"information":[584,814,830,1001,1237],"modelling":[586],"priority":[589],"date":[590],"country":[592,802],"application)":[594],"available":[598,829],"(from":[599,714],"Office":[603],"-":[604],"EPO).":[605],"simple":[612],"\u201cinput-output\u201d":[613],"six":[616],"sources.":[619],"For":[620,1078,1215],"one":[622,741],"sources,":[625],"classification":[630],"gather":[634],"relevant":[638],"source.":[641],"They":[642],"also":[643,681,964,1050,1278],"seven":[645],"types":[647,899],"energies":[654],"time":[658,737,822,976],"period.":[659],"Finally,":[660],"\u201cexplanatory\u201d":[666],"input":[672],"indicators.":[674],"study":[676],"output.":[687,1047],"\u201cmodelling\u201d":[690],"differences":[691],"are":[692,788,1140,1340,1355,1378,1412],"introduction":[694],"explanatory":[697,990],"personnel,":[702],"international":[703],"trade":[704],"intensity,":[708,1022],"different":[710,730,736,1212,1323,1330],"instrument":[712],"operationalisation":[713],"semi-quantitative)":[717],"analysis":[721,902],"methods.":[722],"Also,":[723,812],"period":[738,820],"than":[739,1335],"we":[742,873,896,998,1124],"examine.":[743],"Our":[744],"focus":[745],"effects":[749,770,863],"EU15.":[757],"reason":[759],"it":[764,803,1201,1284],"interesting":[766,1160],"measure":[768],"within":[773],"borders":[775],"recommendations)":[782],"data":[786,973],"collected":[787],"EPO.":[791,811],"mention":[796,1126],"that,":[797],"when":[798],"coming":[799],"non-European":[801],"less":[805],"likely":[806],"our":[813,905,980],"shorter":[819],"practical":[824],"reasons":[825],"(there":[826],"before":[831],"1990":[832],"and,":[837,962,1320],"definition":[839,1253],"not":[844],"yet":[846,855],"Renewables).":[849],"new":[851,876],"framework":[852],"once":[856],"modified":[857],"include":[861],"trend.":[868,891],"Using":[869,892],"created":[874],"incorporate":[882],"measures":[885,1139,1151,1226,1295,1339,1354],"second":[889],"logarithmic":[894],"scale,":[895],"performed":[897],"regression":[901,909,1157],"data,":[906],"linear":[908,918,946],"ordinal":[912],"least":[913,940],"squares,":[914],"provides":[916],"relationship":[919],"dependent":[922],"variable":[923],"(our":[924,930],"output)":[925],"independent":[928],"input)":[931],"gives":[933],"best-fitting":[935],"minimising":[938],"squares":[941],"error":[942],"regression,":[947],"takes":[949],"into":[950],"account":[951],"possible":[952],"attributes":[953],"dataset,":[956],"heteroscedasticity":[959],"correlation,":[961],"efficient":[966],"analysing":[968],"datasets":[969],"cross":[971],"sectional":[972],"series)":[977],"both":[986,1167],"several":[989],"patenting":[994],"activities.":[995],"From":[996],"extracted":[999],"valuable":[1000],"input,":[1005],"prices.":[1012],"measured":[1015],"separate":[1018],"ways:":[1019],"reflects":[1024],"ratio,":[1028,1059],"spent":[1029],"trend":[1033],"personnel.":[1036],"Both":[1037],"showed":[1041,1159],"positive":[1043,1109],"linkage":[1044],"Positive":[1048],"impact":[1049,1088,1110],"came":[1051],"consumption.":[1054],"As":[1055],"subsidy":[1061],"households":[1067],"results":[1071,1161,1370],"diverged,":[1072],"depending":[1073],"sector.":[1077,1155],"energy,":[1081],"ratio":[1084,1106],"had":[1085,1107],"negative":[1087],"denoting":[1089,1111],"importance":[1091,1113],"industry":[1094,1154,1249],"price":[1096,1174],"determinant":[1099],"efficiency;":[1103],"household":[1115,1144],"determinants.":[1119],"At":[1120],"time,":[1123],"follow":[1132],"observation:":[1134],"efficiency,":[1137],"while":[1146,1350],"affect":[1152],"analyses":[1158],"trends.":[1169,1214,1385],"While":[1170],"renewables":[1172,1243],"favour":[1173],"taxes":[1179],"tariffs,":[1181],"favours":[1185],"legislative":[1186,1351],"(like":[1187,1191],"quotas)":[1188],"financial":[1190,1353],"grants":[1192],"subsidies).":[1194],"observation":[1196],"very":[1198],"important":[1199],"shows":[1202],"tendencies":[1204],"17":[1208],"years":[1209],"promote":[1211],"renewables,":[1216],"boosted":[1219],"right":[1220],"crises,":[1224],"obligatory":[1230],"character":[1231],"succeed.":[1235],"combined":[1238],"mostly":[1245,1286],"promoted":[1246],"(which":[1251],"consumes":[1254],"largest":[1256],"energy)":[1259],"links":[1260],"policies.":[1265],"On":[1266],"contrary,":[1268],"liberate":[1274],"character.":[1275],"households.":[1289],"After":[1290],"conclusions,":[1292],"provide":[1296],"clearer":[1298],"picture":[1299],"how":[1301],"linked":[1305,1379],"them.":[1307],"conclusion,":[1309],"strongly":[1314],"existing":[1317],"measures,":[1319],"fact,":[1322],"greater":[1327],"others.":[1336],"Price":[1337],"inducing":[1344],"technologies,":[1349],"saving":[1360],"innovation.":[1361],"During":[1362],"there":[1365],"found":[1367],"significant":[1369],"voluntary":[1372],"general,":[1375],"public":[1376],"directly":[1380],"conclusion":[1387],"could":[1388],"urge":[1389],"promotion":[1391],"parallel":[1397],"so":[1398],"(pollution":[1402],"abatement":[1403],"supply)":[1407],"achieved":[1413],"scheduled.":[1415]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}