{"id":"https://openalex.org/W77407120","doi":null,"title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase: human isoforms, structure and regulation in physiology and pathology.","display_name":"Tyrosine hydroxylase: human isoforms, structure and regulation in physiology and pathology.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W77407120","mag":"77407120","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8822146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:8822146","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8822146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Essays in biochemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019429831","display_name":"T NAGATSU","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145673806","display_name":"Fujita Health University","ror":"https://ror.org/046f6cx68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145673806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405287432","display_name":"Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University","ror":"https://ror.org/054he0258","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145673806","https://openalex.org/I4405287432"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T Nagatsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145673806","https://openalex.org/I4405287432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019429831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145673806","https://openalex.org/I4405287432"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6516184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"15","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11027","display_name":"Metabolism and Genetic Disorders","score":0.44020000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11027","display_name":"Metabolism and Genetic Disorders","score":0.44020000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.23849999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.08749999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tyrosine-hydroxylase","display_name":"tyrosine hydroxylase","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tetrahydrobiopterin","display_name":"tetrahydrobiopterin","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catecholamine-biosynthesis","display_name":"catecholamine synthesis","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dopamine","display_name":"dopamine","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/norepinephrine","display_name":"norepinephrine","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epinephrine","display_name":"epinephrine","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-mrna-splicing","display_name":"alternative mRNA splicing","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzymatic-phosphorylation","display_name":"enzyme phosphorylation","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-inhibition","display_name":"product inhibition","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dystonia","display_name":"dystonia","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"schizophrenia","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mood-disorders","display_name":"mood disorders","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-therapy","display_name":"gene therapy","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-structure","display_name":"enzyme structure","score":0.4099999964237213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775956414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1487359","display_name":"GTP cyclohydrolase I","level":5,"score":0.9198446273803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159167319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420766","display_name":"Tyrosine hydroxylase","level":3,"score":0.8895973563194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419808","display_name":"Tetrahydrobiopterin","level":4,"score":0.85936439037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53345823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5531554","display_name":"Gene isoform","level":3,"score":0.7479265928268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513476851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170304","display_name":"Dopamine","level":2,"score":0.6169754862785339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36823959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373027","display_name":"Exon","level":3,"score":0.6098291873931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194583182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21114084","display_name":"Alternative splicing","level":4,"score":0.5506106615066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5352991223335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777451243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408256","display_name":"Biopterin","level":5,"score":0.4565716087818146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.44151073694229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.4112078547477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.37646931409835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.26729142665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.23638159036636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15997642278671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197957613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407280","display_name":"Cofactor","level":3,"score":0.15455660223960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.14287054538726807}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000595","descriptor_name":"Amino Acid Sequence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001483","descriptor_name":"Base Sequence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006224","descriptor_name":"Cricetinae","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007527","descriptor_name":"Isoenzymes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007527","descriptor_name":"Isoenzymes","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007527","descriptor_name":"Isoenzymes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008969","descriptor_name":"Molecular Sequence Data","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011621","descriptor_name":"Pteridines","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014446","descriptor_name":"Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014446","descriptor_name":"Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014446","descriptor_name":"Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015971","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:8822146","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8822146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Essays in biochemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:77407120","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8822146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7246000170707703,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102285475","https://openalex.org/W91595310","https://openalex.org/W2410155707","https://openalex.org/W2012020454","https://openalex.org/W3049319279","https://openalex.org/W2496845339","https://openalex.org/W1995921812","https://openalex.org/W2091927226","https://openalex.org/W2141422001","https://openalex.org/W2513122343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"TH":[0,40,52,67,96,106,142,162,176,185,188,219],"is":[1,15,41,44,108,164],"a":[2,81],"tetrahydrobiopterin-requiring,":[3],"iron-containing":[4],"monooxygenase.":[5],"It":[6],"catalyses":[7],"the":[8,16,21,29,111,170,175,180,194],"conversion":[9],"of":[10,23,39,55,117,138,174,196,232,241],"L-tyrosine":[11],"to":[12,90,102,129,193,227],"L-dopa,":[13],"which":[14,43],"first,":[17],"rate-limiting":[18],"step":[19],"in":[20,48,59,64,69,93,98,110,119,144,152,169,224,234,243],"biosynthesis":[22],"catecholamines":[24,118,233],"(dopamine,":[25],"noradrenaline":[26],"and":[27,31,34,61,87,104,123,126,131,136,146,167,202,211],"adrenaline),":[28],"central":[30],"sympathetic":[32],"neurotransmitters":[33],"adrenomedullary":[35],"hormones.":[36],"The":[37,51,140,218],"cofactor":[38],"tetrahydrobiopterin,":[42,122],"synthesized":[45],"from":[46,80],"GTP":[47],"three":[49],"steps.":[50],"gene":[53,177,186,220,225],"consists":[54],"14":[56],"exons":[57,63],"only":[58],"humans":[60,145],"13":[62],"animals.":[65],"Human":[66],"exists":[68,92,97],"four":[70],"isoforms":[71,143],"(hTH1-4)":[72],"that":[73],"are":[74],"produced":[75],"by":[76,114,124],"alternative":[77],"mRNA":[78,86],"splicing":[79],"single":[82,85],"gene.":[83],"A":[84],"protein":[88,163],"corresponding":[89,101],"hTH1":[91,103],"non-primates.":[94],"Monkey":[95],"two":[99],"isoforms,":[100],"hTH2.":[105],"activity":[107],"regulated":[109],"short":[112],"term":[113],"feedback":[115],"inhibition":[116],"competition":[120],"with":[121],"activation":[125],"deactivation":[127],"due":[128],"phosphorylation":[130],"dephosphorylation,":[132],"mainly":[133],"at":[134],"Ser-19":[135],"Ser-40":[137],"hTH1.":[139],"multiple":[141],"monkeys":[147],"have":[148],"additional":[149],"phosphorylation,":[150],"resulting":[151],"more":[153],"subtle":[154],"regulation.":[155],"In":[156],"long-term":[157],"regulation":[158],"under":[159],"stress":[160],"conditions,":[161],"induced.":[165],"CRE":[166],"AP1":[168],"5'":[171],"flanking":[172],"region":[173],"may":[178,189,221],"be":[179,190],"main":[181],"functional":[182],"elements":[183],"for":[184,229,237,239],"expression.":[187],"closely":[191],"related":[192],"pathogenesis":[195],"neurological":[197,235],"diseases,":[198,206,236],"such":[199,207],"as":[200,208,213,215],"dystonia":[201],"Parkinson's":[203,244],"disease,":[204],"psychiatric":[205],"affective":[209],"disorders":[210],"schizophrenia,":[212],"well":[214],"cardiovascular":[216],"diseases.":[217],"prove":[222],"useful":[223],"therapy":[226],"compensate":[228],"decreased":[230],"levels":[231],"example,":[238],"supplementation":[240],"dopamine":[242],"disease.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
