{"id":"https://openalex.org/W773570872","doi":null,"title":"Doppler and reflectivity measurements at two closely-spaced frequencies","display_name":"Doppler and reflectivity measurements at two closely-spaced frequencies","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W773570872","mag":"773570872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:773570872","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20010109109/downloads/20010109109.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418746","display_name":"IEEE International Radar Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Radar Conference","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076128314","display_name":"R. Meneghini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6949-0843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6949-0843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Meneghini","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA/ GSFC"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6949-0843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA/ GSFC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109038383","display_name":"Steven W. Bidwell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.W. Bidwell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101951901","display_name":"Liang Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-5614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-5614"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-5614","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036424760","display_name":"Gerald M. Heymsfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6298-0233","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6298-0233"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald M. Heymsfield","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6298-0233","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081056003","display_name":"Rafael F. Rincon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-4716","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-4716"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Rincon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-4716","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086898984","display_name":"Ali Tokay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-7427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-7427"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Tokay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113737819","display_name":"Peter Hildebrand","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hildebrand","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9778,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87460064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual-frequency-radar","display_name":"dual-frequency radar","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-doppler","display_name":"differential Doppler","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-reflectivity","display_name":"differential reflectivity","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ka-band","display_name":"Ka-band","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size-distribution","display_name":"particle size distribution","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-air-motion","display_name":"vertical air motion","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raindrop-size-distribution","display_name":"raindrop size distribution","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-rain-gauge","display_name":"optical rain gauge","score":0.5419999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.7083050012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5809641480445862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7054721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940572","display_name":"Center frequency","level":3,"score":0.5589475035667419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.5052509903907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4968705475330353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.49505701661109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778116611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110567","display_name":"Frequency band","level":3,"score":0.48740819096565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.48626840114593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.46782344579696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.4229840636253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4213341772556305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3745619058609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24425438046455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22883552312850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1953524351119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147788027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2718101","display_name":"Band-pass filter","level":2,"score":0.16097745299339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:773570872","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20010109109/downloads/20010109109.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418746","display_name":"IEEE International Radar Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Radar Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079737006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171711891","https://openalex.org/W2132930113","https://openalex.org/W1998493711","https://openalex.org/W30436671","https://openalex.org/W2104836993","https://openalex.org/W2049355528","https://openalex.org/W2389762665","https://openalex.org/W2463961116","https://openalex.org/W2086513047","https://openalex.org/W3105402822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spaceborne":[0],"and":[1,12,17,33,38,54,80,112,118,163,199,216,249,271,276],"airborne":[2],"radars":[3,28],"are":[4,36,165,285],"limited":[5],"with":[6,72,266],"a":[7,25,51,73,205],"respect":[8],"to":[9,21,109,168,211],"the":[10,15,18,43,55,77,87,91,97,104,121,143,156,169,177,187,192,197,219,225,228,240,280],"mass":[11,81,171],"size":[13,79,221],"of":[14,75,90,96,103,120,176,191,218,246,279],"instrument":[16,226],"power":[19,34],"available":[20],"operate":[22],"it.":[23],"As":[24],"consequence,":[26],"dual-wavelength":[27],"that":[29,50,127,182],"require":[30],"separate":[31],"antennas":[32],"amplifiers":[35],"expensive":[37],"often":[39],"impractical.":[40],"However,":[41],"if":[42,142],"frequency":[44,106,114,154,236],"difference":[45],"can":[46,59,69,145,208],"be":[47,60,70,146,209],"reduced":[48],"so":[49],"single":[52],"antenna":[53],"same":[56,78],"radio-frequency":[57],"subsystem":[58],"used":[61,210],"for":[62,113,234],"both":[63],"frequencies,":[64],"dual-":[65],"wavelength":[66],"Doppler":[67,180,202,230,284],"measurements":[68],"made":[71,253],"radar":[74,231],"about":[76],"as":[82,101],"its":[83],"single-frequency":[84],"counterpart.":[85],"In":[86,195],"first":[88],"part":[89,190],"paper":[92],"we":[93],"present":[94],"calculations":[95],"reflectivity":[98,162],"factor":[99],"differences":[100,115],"functions":[102],"center":[105,122],"from":[107,204],"10":[108,250],"35":[110],"GHz":[111,248],"between":[116],"-10%":[117],"10%":[119],"frequency.":[123],"The":[124],"results":[125],"indicate":[126],"differential-frequency":[128],"operation":[129],"at":[130,149,159,244],"Ka-band":[131,160],"frequencies":[132,144,245],"(26.5":[133],"-":[134],"40":[135],"GHz)":[136],"provides":[137],"relatively":[138],"strong":[139],"differential":[140,157,178,201,235,281],"signals":[141,158],"separated":[147],"by":[148,239],"least":[150],"5%.":[151],"Unlike":[152],"lower":[153],"operation,":[155],"(both":[161],"Doppler)":[164],"directly":[166],"related":[167],"median":[170],"diameter.":[172],"An":[173],"important":[174],"feature":[175],"mean":[179,198,200,283],"is":[181],"it":[183],"depends":[184],"only":[185],"on":[186],"drop-size":[188],"dependent":[189],"radial":[193],"velocity.":[194],"principle,":[196],"data":[203,263],"nadir-looking":[206],"platform":[207],"infer":[212],"vertical":[213],"air":[214],"motion":[215],"characteristics":[217],"particle":[220],"distribution.":[222],"To":[223],"test":[224],"concept,":[227],"ER-2":[229],"was":[232],"modified":[233,241],"operation.":[237],"Measurements":[238],"radar,":[242],"operating":[243],"9.1":[247],"GHz,":[251],"were":[252,264],"using":[254],"an":[255,267,272],"8":[256],"degree":[257],"zenith-pointing":[258],"offset":[259],"parabolic":[260],"antenna.":[261],"Simultaneous":[262],"taken":[265],"optical":[268],"rain":[269],"gauge":[270],"impact":[273],"disdrometer.":[274],"Measured":[275],"DSD-estimated":[277],"values":[278],"dBZ":[282],"presented.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
