{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7547473","doi":null,"title":"The beginning of clinical tolerance in solid organ allografts.","display_name":"The beginning of clinical tolerance in solid organ allografts.","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7547473","mag":"7547473","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15859922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:15859922","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15859922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038938677","display_name":"Anthony P. Monaco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-3197","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-3197"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony P Monaco","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Transplant Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street-7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Transplant Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street-7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038938677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8421,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89771554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"153","last_page":"61"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11189","display_name":"Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11189","display_name":"Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.023399999365210533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12900","display_name":"Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research","score":0.019300000742077827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2747","display_name":"Transplantation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-tolerance","display_name":"clinical tolerance","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-organ-transplantation","display_name":"solid organ transplantation","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donor-specific-unresponsiveness","display_name":"donor-specific unresponsiveness","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosuppression-withdrawal","display_name":"immunosuppression withdrawal","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antilymphocyte-antibodies","display_name":"anti-lymphocyte antibodies","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donor-bone-marrow-infusion","display_name":"donor bone marrow infusion","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunophenotyping","display_name":"immunophenotyping","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donor-chimerism","display_name":"donor chimerism","score":0.6880000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780252810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455316","display_name":"Immunosuppression","level":2,"score":0.8854598999023438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7613757848739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777702733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356761","display_name":"Immune tolerance","level":3,"score":0.598288357257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5480114221572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5253129601478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018513187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712378","display_name":"Solid organ","level":4,"score":0.4980649948120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911091166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106419912","display_name":"Transplantation","level":2,"score":0.41893136501312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168444539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105196","display_name":"Organ transplantation","level":3,"score":0.4006103575229645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.24131804704666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1738797128200531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09558972716331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004305","descriptor_name":"Dose-Response Relationship, Drug","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006805","descriptor_name":"Human Experimentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007166","descriptor_name":"Immunosuppressive Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014184","descriptor_name":"Transplantation, Homologous","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016377","descriptor_name":"Organ Transplantation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018183","descriptor_name":"Transplantation Chimera","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023001","descriptor_name":"Transplantation Tolerance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D026688","descriptor_name":"Bioethical Issues","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:15859922","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15859922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:7547473","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15859922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068281991","https://openalex.org/W2088535127","https://openalex.org/W2158078570","https://openalex.org/W157592961","https://openalex.org/W2062140641","https://openalex.org/W1970571720","https://openalex.org/W2143818366","https://openalex.org/W1898782946","https://openalex.org/W44357753","https://openalex.org/W2084756959","https://openalex.org/W2049469517","https://openalex.org/W2013126973","https://openalex.org/W1824574332","https://openalex.org/W1980955079","https://openalex.org/W1977687670","https://openalex.org/W2053700844","https://openalex.org/W2009851083","https://openalex.org/W1990278701","https://openalex.org/W2096859263","https://openalex.org/W7483854","https://openalex.org/W2085449121","https://openalex.org/W2007054642","https://openalex.org/W2149111956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037589247","https://openalex.org/W2006973372","https://openalex.org/W2695646570","https://openalex.org/W2065048559","https://openalex.org/W2158476280","https://openalex.org/W2070887532","https://openalex.org/W2045835458","https://openalex.org/W2103236676","https://openalex.org/W4316464960","https://openalex.org/W2110163209"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Development":[0],"of":[1,11,29,71,80,107,114,141,176,244,255,285,294,300],"effective":[2],"multidrug":[3],"immunosuppressive":[4,191,222,256],"regimens":[5],"and":[6,19,31,44,188,235,313],"improvements":[7],"in":[8,22,46,67,111,146,150,230,239,258,282,305],"the":[9,68,78,112,159,283,298],"management":[10],"chronically":[12],"immunosuppressed":[13],"patients":[14],"have":[15,103],"produced":[16],"extraordinary":[17],"patient":[18,127],"allograft":[20,270],"survival":[21],"clinical":[23,52,57,108,142,232,245],"organ":[24,54],"transplantation.":[25],"Unfortunately,":[26],"significant":[27],"problems":[28],"morbidity":[30],"mortality":[32],"related":[33],"to":[34,51,84,95,137,155,194,310],"chronic":[35],"immunosuppression":[36,91,100,153,199],"remain.":[37],"Thus,":[38],"there":[39],"is":[40,93,262],"an":[41],"enormous":[42],"motivation":[43],"interest":[45],"inducing":[47],"specific":[48],"unresponsiveness":[49],"(tolerance)":[50],"solid":[53],"allografts.":[55],"Operational":[56],"tolerance":[58,143,200,233,246,260],"may":[59],"be":[60,156,311],"defined":[61],"as":[62,96],"stable,":[63],"normal":[64],"graft":[65,86],"function":[66],"total":[69],"absence":[70,284],"a":[72],"requirement":[73],"for":[74],"maintenance":[75],"immunosuppression.":[76,296],"Alternatively,":[77],"concept":[79],"employing":[81],"tolerogenic":[82],"strategies":[83,168,234],"permit":[85],"acceptance":[87],"with":[88,173,181,205,211],"dramatically":[89],"reduced":[90],"requirements":[92],"referred":[94],"prope'":[97,196],"or":[98,116,126,182,197,207,212],"minimal":[99,198],"tolerance.":[101],"There":[102],"been":[104],"isolated":[105],"examples":[106],"tolerance,":[109],"usually":[110],"context":[113],"spontaneous":[115],"induced":[117],"donor":[118,214,301],"chimerism,":[119],"excellent":[120],"HLA":[121],"matching,":[122],"and/or":[123,178],"drug":[124],"weaning":[125,254],"noncompliance.":[128],"The":[129,227,241],"various":[130],"attempts":[131],"that":[132,169,201,251,275],"are":[133,144,163,224,237],"currently":[134],"being":[135],"employed":[136],"induce":[138,195],"some":[139],"type":[140],"reviewed":[145],"this":[147],"manuscript.":[148],"Strategies":[149,193],"which":[151],"all":[152],"was":[154],"withdrawn":[157],"from":[158],"recipient":[160],"(donor-specific":[161],"unresponsiveness)":[162],"first":[164],"discussed.":[165,226],"These":[166],"include":[167],"utilize":[170,202],"initial":[171],"immunoablation":[172],"varying":[174],"doses":[175],"irradiation":[177],"lymphocytic":[179],"antibodies":[180],"without":[183,213],"donor-specific":[184],"bone":[185,215,302],"marrow":[186,216,303],"infusion":[187],"short-term":[189],"standard":[190],"therapy.":[192],"induction":[203,308],"lymphoablation":[204],"polyclonal":[206],"monoclonal":[208],"antilymphocyte":[209],"antibodies,":[210],"infusion,":[217],"followed":[218],"by":[219,268],"limited":[220,242],"low-dose":[221],"therapy":[223],"also":[225],"ethical":[228],"considerations":[229],"testing":[231],"protocols":[236],"discussed":[238],"detail.":[240],"number":[243],"studies":[247],"already":[248],"available":[249],"affirms":[250],"carefully":[252],"supervised":[253],"drugs":[257],"controlled":[259],"trials":[261],"not":[263,290],"unreasonable,":[264],"especially":[265],"when":[266],"monitored":[267],"protocol":[269],"biopsies.":[271],"Initial":[272],"results":[273],"suggest":[274],"aggressively":[276],"treated":[277],"low-grade":[278],"steroid-responsive":[279],"rejection":[280],"reactions":[281],"immune-mediated":[286],"tissue":[287],"destruction":[288],"does":[289],"necessarily":[291],"require":[292],"resumption":[293],"high-dose":[295],"Finally,":[297],"role":[299],"infusions":[304],"facilitating":[306],"tolerance/hyporesponsiveness":[307],"needs":[309],"studied":[312],"expanded.":[314]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}