{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7504091","doi":null,"title":"Demographic characteristics and normative observations for derived-trail making test indices.","display_name":"Demographic characteristics and normative observations for derived-trail making test indices.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7504091","mag":"7504091","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11877550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:11877550","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11877550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology, and behavioral neurology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042079614","display_name":"Daniel L. Drane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-672X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-672X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel L Drane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104-2499, USA. ddrane@u.washington.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104-2499, USA. ddrane@u.washington.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024983863","display_name":"Robert L. Yuspeh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert L Yuspeh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064775405","display_name":"Justin S. Huthwaite","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin S Huthwaite","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015630476","display_name":"Lacey K. Klingler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lacey K Klingler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2018,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":175,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86968898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"39","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14434","display_name":"Historical and Modern Theater Studies","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14434","display_name":"Historical and Modern Theater Studies","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.03350000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trail-making-test","display_name":"Trail Making Test","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-values","display_name":"reference values","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-effects","display_name":"age effects","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-aging","display_name":"cognitive aging","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-function","display_name":"executive function","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-flexibility","display_name":"cognitive flexibility","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment-detection","display_name":"cognitive impairment detection","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-a-ratio","display_name":"B/A ratio","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.751907467842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.6462991237640381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3997285","display_name":"Trail Making Test","level":4,"score":0.5740799903869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164953862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256440","display_name":"Psychomotor learning","level":3,"score":0.5688740611076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.527959942817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.42632532119750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3544839024543762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3332531452178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.2864869236946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.24644726514816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18962791562080383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13322919607162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004522","descriptor_name":"Educational Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012016","descriptor_name":"Reference Values","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014145","descriptor_name":"Trail Making Test","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:11877550","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11877550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology, and behavioral neurology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:7504091","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11877550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8600000143051147}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147113713","https://openalex.org/W3159867866","https://openalex.org/W1983182638","https://openalex.org/W1978583930","https://openalex.org/W3138420717","https://openalex.org/W2904516231","https://openalex.org/W2014746123","https://openalex.org/W2080732726","https://openalex.org/W2430789528","https://openalex.org/W2316137440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,25],"Trail":[2],"Making":[3],"Test":[4],"(TMT)":[5],"is":[6,11],"a":[7,330],"psychomotor":[8],"task":[9],"that":[10,55,75,87,253,280,326,338],"used":[12,81],"routinely":[13],"in":[14,145,153,352],"clinical":[15,311],"evaluations":[16],"and":[17,23,43,45,86,104,129,152,180,198,203,209,243,313,336],"consists":[18],"of":[19,27,36,62,95,114,121,139,211,220,231,355],"two":[20,37,255],"parts:":[21],"TMT-A":[22],"TMT-B.":[24,69],"purpose":[26],"the":[28,34,63,93,111,162,212,254,268,282,289,322,347],"present":[29],"study":[30],"was":[31],"to":[32,46,67,82,149,158,173,186,218],"examine":[33],"relations":[35],"derived-TMT":[38],"indices":[39,58],"with":[40,136,196,276],"age,":[41],"education,":[42],"gender":[44],"establish":[47],"normative":[48],"data.":[49],"BACKGROUND:":[50],"Prior":[51],"research":[52],"has":[53,71,329],"suggested":[54,74],"these":[56,76],"derived":[57],"provide":[59],"purer":[60],"measures":[61],"executive":[64],"skills":[65],"required":[66],"complete":[68],"It":[70],"also":[72],"been":[73],"scores":[77,99,106,169,182,266,278,344],"can":[78],"be":[79],"effectively":[80],"detect":[83],"cognitive":[84,334],"impairment,":[85],"they":[88],"are":[89,131,308,315],"relatively":[90],"free":[91],"from":[92,110,147,156,171,184,288,300],"impact":[94,332],"age.":[96],"METHOD:":[97],"Difference":[98],"(B":[100,165,199,236,262],"minus":[101,166,200,237,263],"sign":[102,167,201,238,264],"A)":[103,168,202,239,265],"ratio":[105,349],"(B:A)":[107,181,204,244,277,348],"were":[108,194,216,225,233],"computed":[109],"TMT":[112],"performance":[113],"285":[115],"adults":[116],"who":[117,130],"have":[118],"no":[119],"history":[120],"substance":[122],"abuse":[123],"or":[124,126],"psychiatric":[125],"neurologic":[127],"disorder":[128],"not":[132],"currently":[133],"being":[134],"treated":[135],"any":[137],"type":[138],"psychotropic":[140],"medication.":[141],"RESULTS:":[142],"Subjects":[143,215],"ranged":[144,170,183],"age":[146,197,222,257,270,284,292,296],"18":[148],"90":[150],"years":[151],"education":[154],"level":[155],"6":[157,172],"20":[159],"years.":[160],"For":[161],"entire":[163],"sample,":[164],"248":[174],"seconds":[175],"(M,":[176,188],"62.15;":[177],"SD,":[178,190],"49.44),":[179],"1.23":[185],"9.54":[187],"2.81;":[189],"1.13).":[191],"Significant":[192],"correlations":[193],"noted":[195],"scores,":[205],"accounting":[206],"for":[207,235,310,317,341],"28%":[208],"6%":[210],"variance,":[213],"respectively.":[214],"assigned":[217],"one":[219],"eight":[221],"groups,":[223],"which":[224],"formed":[226],"by":[227],"decade.":[228],"Univariate":[229],"analyses":[230,251,275],"variance":[232],"significant":[234,331],"(p":[240,245],"<":[241,246],"0.0001)":[242],"0.0004)":[247],"scores.":[248],"Post":[249],"hoc":[250,274],"indicated":[252,279],"oldest":[256],"groups":[258,297],"had":[259],"significantly":[260,286,298],"larger":[261],"than":[267],"younger":[269],"groups.":[271,293],"However,":[272],"post":[273],"only":[281],"70-79-year-old":[283],"group":[285],"differed":[287,299],"three":[290],"youngest":[291],"No":[294],"other":[295],"another":[301],"on":[302,333,346],"this":[303],"measure.":[304],"CONCLUSIONS:":[305],"Normative":[306],"data":[307],"presented":[309],"use,":[312],"recommendations":[314],"made":[316],"future":[318],"research.":[319],"In":[320],"addition,":[321],"current":[323],"results":[324],"suggest":[325],"normal":[327],"aging":[328],"flexibility":[335],"indicate":[337],"previous":[339],"suggestions":[340],"impairment":[342],"cut-off":[343],"based":[345],"may":[350],"result":[351],"erroneous":[353],"classification":[354],"healthy":[356],"older":[357],"adults.":[358]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}